How many roots of (including repeated ones) are within a unit distance from the origin in the Argand plane ?
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It is easy to show that ( x − 1 ) f ( x ) = k = 1 ∑ 1 3 x k − 1 3 If ∣ z ∣ ≤ 1 then ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ k = 1 ∑ 1 3 z k ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ≤ k = 1 ∑ 1 3 ∣ z ∣ k ≤ 1 3 with equality precisely when z = 1 , Thus ( z − 1 ) f ( z ) = 0 for ∣ z ∣ ≤ 1 except when z = 1 . Since f ( 1 ) = 9 1 = 0 , we deduce that f ( z ) = 0 whenever ∣ z ∣ ≤ 1 , making the answer 0 .