∫ 0 ∞ x 9 / 4 γ x + ln [ Γ ( 1 + x ) ] d x = C A B π ζ ( E D )
The equation above holds true for positive integers A , B , C , D and E , with A , C and D , E coprime pairs, and B square-free.
Evaluate A + B + C + D + E .
Notations :
γ ≈ 0 . 5 7 7 2 denotes the Euler-Mascheroni constant .
Γ ( ⋅ ) denotes the Gamma function .
ζ ( ⋅ ) denotes the Riemann zeta function .
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It is worth noting that Ramanujan's Master Theorem is, as commonly used (including by Ramanujan himself), a formal procedure, and not a Theorem. There are very stringent conditions that have to be applied if we are to guarantee that it is true. This paper gives one such set of conditions.
Whereas there have been times on Brilliant where the RMT has used inappropriately to get wrong results, and also times when it has been used inappropriately to get true results (as Ramanujan frequently did!), this is one of those occasions where the conditions are satisfied, since the function z + 2 ζ ( z + 2 ) is holomorphic and uniformly bounded on { z ∈ C : R e z > − δ } for any 0 < δ < 1 , and we can then apply the rigorous version of the RMT for s = 4 3 .
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@Mark Hennings Sir, could you check the link again??? It doesn't seem to work.....
@Aditya Sharma nice! +1
Integrating by parts (the asymptotic behaviour of ln Γ ( x + 1 ) near x = 0 and as x → ∞ makes this valid), we see that ∫ 0 ∞ x 4 9 γ x + ln Γ ( x + 1 ) d x = 5 4 ∫ 0 ∞ x 4 5 γ + ψ ( x + 1 ) d x But it is a standard integral (which can be proved by some contour integration) that ∫ 0 ∞ x α γ + ψ ( x + 1 ) d x = − π c o s e c ( α π ) ζ ( α ) 1 < R e α < 2 and hence the integral is equal to 5 4 × − π c o s e c ( 4 5 π ) ζ ( 4 5 ) = 5 4 2 π ζ ( 4 5 ) making the answer 4 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 4 = 2 0 .
Using IBP once the integral changes to I = 5 4 ∫ 0 ∞ x 4 5 γ + ψ ( x + 1 ) d x Using IBP once again this converts to I = 5 1 6 ∫ 0 ∞ x 4 1 ψ ( 1 ) ( x + 1 ) d x
Here ψ ( z ) denotes Digamma function while ψ ( 1 ) ( z ) denotes Trigamma function.
Now using that ψ ( 1 ) ( z + 1 ) = k ≥ 0 ∑ k ! ( − z ) k ζ ( k + 2 ) Γ ( k + 2 ) (Where ∣ z ∣ < 1 ) Alongwith Ramanujan's Master Theorem we have I = 5 1 6 Γ ( 4 3 ) ϕ ( − 4 3 ) where ϕ ( k ) = ζ ( 2 + k ) Γ ( 2 + k )
Using Euler's Reflection formula for Gamma function alongwith above result we get I = 5 4 2 π ζ ( 4 5 )
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Start with,
k ≥ 2 ∑ ζ ( k ) ( − x ) k = k ≥ 2 ∑ s ≥ 1 ∑ s k ( − 1 ) k x k
Interchanging summations we have ,
s ≥ 1 ∑ k ≥ 2 ∑ s k ( − x ) k = s ≥ 1 ∑ 1 + s x s 2 x 2 = s ≥ 1 ∑ s ( s + x ) x 2
So, k ≥ 2 ∑ ζ ( k ) ( − x ) k = x s ≥ 1 ∑ ( s 1 − s + x 1 ) = − x H x
We know , H x = ψ ( 1 + x ) + γ
Substituting we have , k ≥ 2 ∑ ζ ( k ) ( − x ) k = x ( ψ ( 1 + x ) + γ )
Now changing x → − x & dividing by x we have ,
k = 2 ∑ ∞ ζ ( k ) x k − 1 = − ψ ( 1 − x ) − γ
With − x → x we have , γ + k = 2 ∑ ∞ ζ ( k ) ( − x ) k − 1 = − ψ ( 1 + x ) = − d ( ln γ ( 1 + x ) ) and integrating both sides from 0 to x we get,
γ x − k = 2 ∑ ∞ k ζ ( k ) ( − x ) k = − ln Γ ( 1 + x ) and thus x 2 γ x + ln γ ( 1 + x ) = k = 0 ∑ ∞ k + 2 ζ ( k + 2 ) ( − x ) k × Γ ( 1 + k ) Γ ( 1 + k )
Applying Ramanujan's Master Theorem we have,
∫ 0 ∞ x s − 3 ( γ x + ln Γ ( 1 + x ) ) d x = Γ ( s ) 2 − s ζ ( 2 − s ) Γ ( 1 − s )
Putting s = 4 3 we have ∫ 0 ∞ x 4 9 ln Γ ( 1 + x ) + γ x d x = 5 4 2 π ζ ( 4 5 ) making the answer 4 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 4 = 2 0