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Calculus Level 5

0 γ x + ln [ Γ ( 1 + x ) ] x 9 / 4 d x = A B π C ζ ( D E ) \large \int_0^\infty \dfrac{\gamma x + \ln [\Gamma(1 + x)]}{x^{9/4}} \, dx = \dfrac{A\sqrt B \pi}C \zeta \left( \dfrac DE \right)

The equation above holds true for positive integers A , B , C , D A,B,C,D and E E , with A , C A,C and D , E D,E coprime pairs, and B B square-free.

Evaluate A + B + C + D + E A+B+C+D+E .

Notations :


The answer is 20.

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3 solutions

Start with,

k 2 ζ ( k ) ( x ) k = k 2 s 1 ( 1 ) k x k s k \displaystyle \sum_{k \ge 2} \zeta(k)(-x)^k = \sum_{k \ge 2}\sum_{s\ge 1} \frac{(-1)^k x^k}{s^k}

Interchanging summations we have ,

s 1 k 2 ( x ) k s k = s 1 x 2 s 2 1 + x s = s 1 x 2 s ( s + x ) \displaystyle \sum_{s \ge 1} \sum_{k \ge 2} \frac{(-x)^k}{s^k} = \sum_{s \ge 1} \frac{\frac{x^2}{s^2}}{1+\frac{x}{s}} = \sum_{s \ge 1} \frac{x^2}{s(s+x)}

So, k 2 ζ ( k ) ( x ) k = x s 1 ( 1 s 1 s + x ) = x H x \displaystyle \sum_{k \ge 2} \zeta(k)(-x)^{k} = x\sum_{s\ge 1} (\frac{1}{s} - \frac{1}{s+x}) = -x H_x

We know , H x = ψ ( 1 + x ) + γ \displaystyle H_x = \psi(1+x) + \gamma

Substituting we have , k 2 ζ ( k ) ( x ) k = x ( ψ ( 1 + x ) + γ ) \displaystyle \sum_{k \ge 2} \zeta(k)(-x)^{k} = x(\psi(1+x)+\gamma)

Now changing x x x \to -x & dividing by x x we have ,

k = 2 ζ ( k ) x k 1 = ψ ( 1 x ) γ \displaystyle \sum_{k=2}^{\infty} \zeta(k)x^{k-1} = -\psi(1-x) -\gamma

With x x -x\to x we have , γ + k = 2 ζ ( k ) ( x ) k 1 = ψ ( 1 + x ) = d ( ln γ ( 1 + x ) ) \displaystyle \gamma+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty} \zeta(k)(-x)^{k-1} = -\psi(1+x)=-d(\ln\gamma(1+x)) and integrating both sides from 0 0 to x x we get,

γ x k = 2 ζ ( k ) k ( x ) k = ln Γ ( 1 + x ) \displaystyle \gamma x-\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}\frac{\zeta(k)}{k}(-x)^k =-\ln\Gamma(1+x) and thus γ x + ln γ ( 1 + x ) x 2 = k = 0 ζ ( k + 2 ) k + 2 ( x ) k × Γ ( 1 + k ) Γ ( 1 + k ) \displaystyle \frac{\gamma x+\ln\gamma(1+x)}{x^2}=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\zeta(k+2)}{k+2}(-x)^k \times \frac{\color{#D61F06}{\Gamma(1+k)}}{\color{#D61F06}{\Gamma(1+k)}}

Applying Ramanujan's Master Theorem we have,

0 x s 3 ( γ x + ln Γ ( 1 + x ) ) d x = Γ ( s ) ζ ( 2 s ) 2 s Γ ( 1 s ) \displaystyle \int_{0}^{\infty} x^{s-3}(\gamma x+\ln\Gamma(1+x)) dx = \Gamma(s)\frac{\zeta(2-s)}{2-s}\Gamma(1-s)

Putting s = 3 4 s=\frac{3}{4} we have 0 ln Γ ( 1 + x ) + γ x x 9 4 d x = 4 2 π 5 ζ ( 5 4 ) \displaystyle \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{\ln\Gamma(1+x)+\gamma x}{x^{\frac{9}{4}}} dx = \frac{4\sqrt{2}\pi}{5}\zeta(\frac{5}{4}) making the answer 4 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 4 = 20 \boxed{4+2+5+5+4=20}

It is worth noting that Ramanujan's Master Theorem is, as commonly used (including by Ramanujan himself), a formal procedure, and not a Theorem. There are very stringent conditions that have to be applied if we are to guarantee that it is true. This paper gives one such set of conditions.

Whereas there have been times on Brilliant where the RMT has used inappropriately to get wrong results, and also times when it has been used inappropriately to get true results (as Ramanujan frequently did!), this is one of those occasions where the conditions are satisfied, since the function ζ ( z + 2 ) z + 2 \frac{\zeta(z+2)}{z+2} is holomorphic and uniformly bounded on { z C : R e z > δ } \{z \in \mathbb{C} : \mathfrak{Re}\,z > -\delta\} for any 0 < δ < 1 0 < \delta < 1 , and we can then apply the rigorous version of the RMT for s = 3 4 s= \tfrac34 .

Mark Hennings - 4 years, 8 months ago

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@Mark Hennings Sir, could you check the link again??? It doesn't seem to work.....

Aaghaz Mahajan - 2 years, 1 month ago

@Aditya Sharma nice! +1

Kunal Gupta - 4 years, 8 months ago
Mark Hennings
Sep 25, 2016

Integrating by parts (the asymptotic behaviour of ln Γ ( x + 1 ) \ln\Gamma(x+1) near x = 0 x=0 and as x x \to \infty makes this valid), we see that 0 γ x + ln Γ ( x + 1 ) x 9 4 d x = 4 5 0 γ + ψ ( x + 1 ) x 5 4 d x \int_0^\infty \frac{\gamma x + \ln \Gamma(x+1)}{x^{\frac94}}\,dx \; = \; \tfrac45 \int_0^\infty \frac{\gamma + \psi(x+1)}{x^{\frac54}}\,dx But it is a standard integral (which can be proved by some contour integration) that 0 γ + ψ ( x + 1 ) x α d x = π c o s e c ( α π ) ζ ( α ) 1 < R e α < 2 \int_0^\infty \frac{\gamma + \psi(x+1)}{x^\alpha}\,dx \; = \; -\pi \,\mathrm{cosec}\,(\alpha\pi)\zeta(\alpha) \hspace{2.5cm} 1 < \mathfrak{Re}\alpha < 2 and hence the integral is equal to 4 5 × π c o s e c ( 5 4 π ) ζ ( 5 4 ) = 4 2 π 5 ζ ( 5 4 ) \tfrac45 \times -\pi\,\mathrm{cosec}\big(\tfrac54\pi\big) \zeta\big(\tfrac54\big) \; = \; \frac{4\sqrt{2}\pi}{5}\zeta\big(\tfrac54\big) making the answer 4 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 4 = 20 4 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 4 = \boxed{20} .

Rohan Shinde
Apr 25, 2019

Using IBP once the integral changes to I = 4 5 0 γ + ψ ( x + 1 ) x 5 4 d x \displaystyle I=\frac 45\int_0^{\infty} \frac {\gamma +\psi(x+1)}{x^{\frac 54}}dx Using IBP once again this converts to I = 16 5 0 ψ ( 1 ) ( x + 1 ) x 1 4 d x \displaystyle I=\frac {16}{5}\int_0^{\infty} \frac {\psi^{(1)}(x+1)}{x^{\frac 14}}dx

Here ψ ( z ) \psi(z) denotes Digamma function while ψ ( 1 ) ( z ) \psi^{(1)}(z) denotes Trigamma function.

Now using that ψ ( 1 ) ( z + 1 ) = k 0 ( z ) k k ! ζ ( k + 2 ) Γ ( k + 2 ) \displaystyle \psi^{(1)}(z+1)=\sum_{k\ge 0} \frac {(-z)^k}{k!} \zeta(k+2)\Gamma(k+2) (Where z < 1 \vert z\vert \lt 1 ) Alongwith Ramanujan's Master Theorem we have I = 16 5 Γ ( 3 4 ) ϕ ( 3 4 ) \displaystyle I=\frac {16}{5} \Gamma\left(\frac 34\right)\phi\left(-\frac 34\right) where ϕ ( k ) = ζ ( 2 + k ) Γ ( 2 + k ) \displaystyle \phi(k)=\zeta(2+k)\Gamma(2+k)

Using Euler's Reflection formula for Gamma function alongwith above result we get I = 4 2 π 5 ζ ( 5 4 ) \displaystyle I=\frac {4\sqrt 2 \pi}{5}\zeta\left(\frac 54\right)

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