Measuring the Collision Time!

A tennis ball of diameter ψ \psi is dropped vertically on a rigid horizontal surface from a height h h . After the collision, the ball rises at a height h h' above the surface (where h < h h'<h ).

Assumptions:

  • At the time of maximum deformation, the ball maintains its spherical shape everywhere, except for the bottom part, which forms a flat circle on the ground. Let the diameter of this circle be φ \varphi .
  • The force that the ground exerts on the ball is constant during the process of compression, and similarly during the process of decompression.
  • The height of the spherical cap that is "flattened" at the time of maximum deformation is the same as the distance the center of mass of the ball travels downwards from the beginning of the collision until that time.
  • Air resistance and other such effects are to be neglected.

Task: Calculate the duration τ \tau of the collision (i.e. the time interval during which the ball is in contact with the surface), in terms of the quantities h h , h h' , ψ \psi , φ \varphi and g g , the local gravitational acceleration. Your answer should be the numerical value of τ \tau in microseconds (rounded to the nearest integer), using the data below.

Numerical data:

  • g = 9.80 m s 2 g = 9.80\:ms^{-2}
  • ψ = 5 c m \psi = 5\:cm
  • φ = 1 c m \varphi = 1\:cm
  • h = 30 c m h=30\:cm
  • h = 25 c m h'=25\:cm


The answer is 873.

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1 solution

Victor Dumbrava
May 11, 2019

Let v 1 , 2 \langle v_{1,2}\rangle be the mean velocities during compression and decompression respectively. On the first interval, the speed changes uniformly from 2 g h \sqrt{2gh} to 0 0 , and on the second interval, from 0 0 to 2 g h \sqrt{2gh'} : F compression = constant v 1 = 1 2 2 g h \vec{F}_{\text{compression}}=\text{constant}\implies \langle v_1\rangle=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2gh} F decompression = constant v 2 = 1 2 2 g h \vec{F}_{\text{decompression}}=\text{constant}\implies \langle v_2\rangle=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2gh'} Let the height of the spherical cap "flattened" on the ground at the time of maximum compression be d d . Some simple geometry yields: ( ψ 2 d ) 2 + ( φ 2 ) 2 = ( ψ 2 ) 2 \left(\dfrac{\psi}{2}-d\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\varphi}{2}\right)^2=\left(\dfrac{\psi}{2}\right)^2 Proceeding: τ 1 , 2 = d v 1 , 2 \tau_{1,2}=\dfrac{d}{\langle v_{1,2}\rangle} And therefore: τ 1 = 1 2 ψ 1 4 ψ 2 1 4 φ 2 v 1 = ψ ψ 2 φ 2 2 g h τ 2 = ψ ψ 2 φ 2 2 g h \tau_1=\dfrac{\frac{1}{2}\psi-\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\psi^2-\frac{1}{4}\varphi^2}}{\langle v_1\rangle}=\dfrac{\psi-\sqrt{\psi^2-\varphi^2}}{\sqrt{2gh}}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\: \tau_2=\dfrac{\psi-\sqrt{\psi^2-\varphi^2}}{\sqrt{2gh'}} And thus the total time of the collision can be expressed as: τ = τ 1 + τ 2 = ψ ψ 2 φ 2 2 g ( h 1 2 + h 1 2 ) \tau=\tau_1+\tau_2=\dfrac{\psi-\sqrt{\psi^2-\varphi^2}}{\sqrt{2g}}\left(h^{-\frac{1}{2}}+h'^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right) Numerically: τ 872.966 μ s 873 μ s \tau\approx 872.966\:\mu s\approx \boxed{873\:\mu s}

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