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There is only one solution to x 2 ≡ 0 m o d p in the range specified by the problem:
x = 0
This can be seen as any square of any x < p will not be divisible by p . To prove this, note that the prime factorization of x 2 is the prime factorization of x with the powers doubled, and that prime factorization will not include p as x < p . For p to divide x , p would have to be included in the prime factorization. Therefore, the answer is 0 .