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Algebra Level 3

a a and b b are real numbers such that a 2 + b 2 = 1 , a^{2} + b^{2} = 1, and always satisfy

1 1 + a 2 + 1 1 + b 2 + 1 1 + a b x 1 + ( a + b ) 2 z . \frac{1}{1 + a^{2}}+ \frac{1}{1 + b^{2}} + \frac{1}{1 + ab} \geq \frac{x}{1 + \frac{(a+b)^{2}}{z}}.

Find x z \left\lfloor \frac{x}{z} \right\rfloor when the value of the LHS of the above inequality is the least.


Details and Assumptions:

  • x x and z z are positive integers.
  • \lfloor \cdot \rfloor denotes the greatest integer function.


The answer is 0.

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3 solutions

Deepanshu Gupta
Oct 20, 2014

Well This Can Be easily solved By using Cauchy inequality in Titu's Lemma form. Click Here

I can't get an integer x x , here's my solution:

1 1 + a 2 + 1 1 + b 2 + 1 1 + a b \displaystyle \frac{1}{1+a^2}+\frac{1}{1+b^2}+\frac{1}{1+ab}

9 1 + a 2 + 1 + b 2 + 1 + a b \displaystyle \geq \frac{9}{1+a^2+1+b^2+1+ab}

9 4 + a b \displaystyle \geq \frac{9}{4+ab}

18 8 + 2 a b \displaystyle \geq \frac{18}{8+2ab}

18 7 + ( a + b ) 2 \displaystyle \geq \frac{18}{7+(a+b)^2}

18 7 1 + ( a + b ) 2 7 \displaystyle \geq \frac{\frac{18}{7}}{1+\frac{(a+b)^2}{7}}

Where did it went wrong?

Christopher Boo - 6 years, 7 months ago

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I got the same thing too..... What am I doing wrong?

Madhuri Phute - 5 years, 1 month ago

I did the same too ............

Sahil Sharma - 3 years, 8 months ago

x = 18/7, z = 7 flr((18/7)/7) = flr(18/49) = 0 I see nothing wrong...

Joseph Rodelas - 1 year, 5 months ago

the question which i was doing was to prove

1 1 + a 2 + 1 1 + b 2 + 1 1 + a b 3 1 + ( a + b ) 2 4 \large \frac{1}{1 + a^{2}}+ \frac{1}{1 + b^{2}} + \frac{1}{1 + ab} \geq \frac{3}{1 + \frac{(a+b)^{2}}{4}}

and it can be easily proved by Titu's Lemma

The answer you posted to the limits question was awesome , hats off to that thinking

U Z - 6 years, 7 months ago

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But @megh choksi if You Multiply numerator and Denominator in RHS by say 3 Then the Answer would be 9 4 \frac { 9 }{ 4 } .

And if you multiply by 5 then answer will be 15 4 \frac { 15 }{ 4 } .

So You Should Have To clerify that what is really x,y,z are ?? I mean weather they are co-prime or what are their gcd or something else ??

Deepanshu Gupta - 6 years, 7 months ago

Comment on Christopher boo's solution..

Vishal Yadav - 4 years, 1 month ago

by greatest integer function, do you mean floor function?? @megh choksi

Ash Dab - 6 years, 7 months ago

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Yes , when for negative values it gives for example [-x] it will give -(x + 1) and for positive values for example [x] it will give ( x -1)

U Z - 6 years, 7 months ago

could someone pls post a more complete solution ?? @megh choksi @Calvin Lin @DEEPANSHU GUPTA @Michael Mendrin @Sharky Kesa @Finn Hulse

Ash Dab - 6 years, 7 months ago

Actually this question is taken from RMO 2013 (Maharashtra and Goa region).

Aditya Raut - 6 years, 7 months ago

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this question was actually given to me by my friend

U Z - 6 years, 7 months ago

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Do RMO paper checkers accept titu's lemma or we have to write Cauchy schwarz's angel form?? or something else we have to prove . please answer.

Chirayu Bhardwaj - 4 years, 10 months ago

Could you comment on Christopher boo's solution ?

Vishal Yadav - 4 years, 1 month ago

wow the integer condition threw me off :/

Albert Wang - 1 year, 5 months ago
Samuel Li
Dec 28, 2016

Using Titu's Lemma,

1 1 + a 2 + 1 1 + b 2 + 1 1 + a b = 1 2 1 + a 2 + 1 2 1 + b 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 a b ( 2 + 2 ) 2 4 + ( a + b ) 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) 2 4 1 + ( a + b ) 2 4 \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{1+a^2} + \frac{1}{1+b^2} + \frac{1}{1+ab} & = \frac{1^2}{1+a^2} + \frac{1^2}{1+b^2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}^2}{2+2ab} \\ &\leq \frac{(2+\sqrt{2})^2}{4+(a+b)^2} \\ &= \frac{\frac{(2+\sqrt{2})^2}{4}}{1+\frac{(a+b)^2}{4}} \end{aligned}

So, x ( 2 + 2 ) 2 4 x \geq \frac{(2+\sqrt{2})^2}{4} and z = 4 z = 4 . We can take x = 3 x = 3 . Substituting this into the required expression yields 0 0 .

I think the sign of the inequality should be reverse - check the second step.

Rahul Sethi - 3 years, 3 months ago

The problem did not say equality needs to be achieved. So x can be arbitrarily small and the inequality will hold. Let x=1 and z be large number.

Nicholas Wei - 2 years, 4 months ago
Alex Hack
Apr 17, 2019

First note that by AM-GM a b 1 2 ab\leq\frac{1}{2} and because a 2 + b 2 = 1 a^2+b^2=1 we have a b = 1 2 ab=\frac{1}{2} only when a = b = 1 ( 2 ) a=b=\frac{1}{\sqrt(2)} . Using Titu's Lemma we can conclude that the LHS is 9 4 + a b 2 \geq \frac{9}{4+ab}\geq 2 and so the minimum of the LHS is 2 2 and it is archived when a = b = 1 ( 2 ) a=b=\frac{1}{\sqrt(2)} . Now x 1 + ( a + b ) 2 z = x z z + 1 + 2 a b \frac{x}{1+\frac{(a+b)^2}{z}}=\frac{xz}{z+1+2ab} and it is equal to the minimum when a b = 1 2 ab=\frac{1}{2} and when x z z + 2 = 2 \frac{xz}{z+2}=2 , i.e. when x z = 2 z + 4 xz=2z+4 . Remembering that x x and z z are positive integers we have that the solutions are ( 3 , 4 ) (3,4) , ( 4 , 2 ) (4,2) , ( 6 , 1 ) (6,1) , but the only acceptable solution (for which the inequality hold for all a b ab , see below) is when z = 4 z=4 and x = 3 x=3 and so x z = 3 4 = 0 \lfloor\frac{x}{z}\rfloor=\lfloor\frac{3}{4}\rfloor=0 .

The inequality 1 1 + a 2 + 1 1 + b 2 + 1 1 + a b 3 1 + ( a + b ) 2 4 \frac{1}{1+a^2}+\frac{1}{1+b^2}+\frac{1}{1+ab}\geq \frac{3}{1+\frac{(a+b)^2}{4}} is oblivious: rearranging we can arrive at the following inequality ( 2 a b 1 ) ( 5 ( a b ) 2 + 3 ( a b ) + 1 ) 0 (2ab-1)(5(ab)^2+3(ab)+1)\leq 0 which is true when a b 1 2 ab\leq\frac{1}{2} as in our case.

The other inequalities do not hold for all 0 < a b 1 2 0<ab\leq\frac{1}{2}

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