Draw a line of length 3, and then choose 2 points on this line randomly. Let denote the random variable for the distance between these 2 points, and the variance of .
Find .
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Let x and t be the points and D = ∣ x − t ∣ . Then the variance is E ( D 2 ) − E ( D ) 2 = 9 1 ∫ 0 3 ∫ 0 3 ( x − t ) 2 d x d t − ( 9 1 ∫ 0 3 ∫ 0 3 ∣ x − t ∣ d x d t ) 2 . It's well-known that E ( D ) = 1 by a symmetry argument, but it's not hard to derive it from this integral: ∫ 0 3 ∣ x − t ∣ d x is the area of two isoceles right triangles (draw the picture): t 2 / 2 + ( 3 − t ) 2 / 2 . The integral of that over [ 0 , 3 ] is 2 7 / 6 − ( − 2 7 / 6 ) = 9 , and multiplying by 1 / 9 gives E ( D ) = 1 .
As for E ( D 2 ) , this is a similarly straightforward computation, which I will leave to the reader: E ( D 2 ) = 3 / 2 . So the answer is E ( D 2 ) − E ( D ) 2 = 1 / 2 , so the correct choice is 5 0 .