Moving Dots

Calculus Level 4

Draw a line of length 3, and then choose 2 points on this line randomly. Let X X denote the random variable for the distance between these 2 points, and Var ( X ) \text{Var}(X) the variance of X X .

Find 100 × Var ( X ) 100 \times \text{Var}(X) .

30 50 70 80 100

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1 solution

Patrick Corn
Oct 19, 2017

Let x x and t t be the points and D = x t . D = |x-t|. Then the variance is E ( D 2 ) E ( D ) 2 = 1 9 0 3 0 3 ( x t ) 2 d x d t ( 1 9 0 3 0 3 x t d x d t ) 2 . E(D^2)-E(D)^2 = \frac19 \int_0^3 \int_0^3 (x-t)^2 \, dx \, dt - \left( \frac19 \int_0^3 \int_0^3 |x-t| \, dx \, dt \right)^2. It's well-known that E ( D ) = 1 E(D) = 1 by a symmetry argument, but it's not hard to derive it from this integral: 0 3 x t d x \int_0^3 |x-t| \, dx is the area of two isoceles right triangles (draw the picture): t 2 / 2 + ( 3 t ) 2 / 2. t^2/2 + (3-t)^2/2. The integral of that over [ 0 , 3 ] [0,3] is 27 / 6 ( 27 / 6 ) = 9 , 27/6 - (-27/6) = 9, and multiplying by 1 / 9 1/9 gives E ( D ) = 1. E(D) = 1.

As for E ( D 2 ) , E(D^2), this is a similarly straightforward computation, which I will leave to the reader: E ( D 2 ) = 3 / 2. E(D^2) = 3/2. So the answer is E ( D 2 ) E ( D ) 2 = 1 / 2 , E(D^2)-E(D)^2 = 1/2, so the correct choice is 50 . \fbox{50}.

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