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1 × 1 0 1 + 2 × 1 0 2 + 3 × 1 0 3 + + 2015 × 1 0 2015 1 \times 10^{1}+2 \times 10^{2}+3\times 10^{3}+\cdots+2015 \times 10^{2015}

What is the remainder when the number above is divided by 11?


The answer is 4.

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5 solutions

Prasun Biswas
Jun 28, 2015

The given sum is S = k = 1 2015 k 1 0 k S=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^{2015}k\cdot 10^k .

Since 10 1 ( m o d 11 ) 10\equiv -1\pmod{11} , we have,

S = k = 1 2015 k 1 0 k k = 1 2015 k ( 1 ) k ( m o d 11 ) S 1 + 2 3 + 4 5 + 6 + 2014 2015 ( m o d 11 ) S=\sum_{k=1}^{2015} k\cdot 10^k\equiv \sum_{k=1}^{2015} k\cdot (-1)^k\pmod{11}\\ \implies S\equiv -1+2-3+4-5+6-\ldots +2014-2015\pmod{11}

Group the odd and even terms together and we have,

S k = 1 2015 k ( 1 ) k ( i = 1 1007 2 i ) ( i = 0 1007 ( 2 i + 1 ) ) S ( 2 × 0 + 1 ) + i = 1 1007 ( 2 i 2 i 1 ) S 1 + i = 1 1007 ( 1 ) 1 1007 1008 4 ( m o d 11 ) S\equiv \sum_{k=1}^{2015}k\cdot (-1)^k\equiv\left(\sum_{i=1}^{1007} 2i\right)-\left(\sum_{i=0}^{1007}(2i+1)\right)\\\implies S\equiv -(2\times 0+1)+\sum_{i=1}^{1007}(2i-2i-1)\\\implies S\equiv -1+\sum_{i=1}^{1007}(-1)\equiv -1-1007\equiv -1008\equiv\boxed{4}\pmod{11}


Here's a generalization. Consider the sum upto n n instead of 2015 2015 and denote that sum by S n S_n where n Z + n\in\Bbb{Z^+} . We have,

S n ( 1 ) n n 2 ( m o d 11 ) S_n\equiv\left\lfloor (-1)^n\cdot\frac n2\right\rfloor\pmod{11}

To obtain this result, it suffices to observe the following:

S n { ( i = 1 ( n 1 ) / 2 2 i ) ( i = 0 ( n 1 ) / 2 ( 2 i + 1 ) ) for odd n ( i = 1 n / 2 2 i ) ( i = 1 n / 2 ( 2 i 1 ) ) for even n ( m o d 11 ) S_n\equiv\begin{cases}\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{(n-1)/2}2i\right)-\left(\sum\limits_{i=0}^{(n-1)/2}(2i+1)\right)~\textrm{for odd }n\\\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n/2}2i\right)-\left(\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n/2}(2i-1)\right)~\textrm{for even }n\end{cases}\pmod{11}

Then, proceed similarly as done in original solution. Get results for both odd and even cases and merge both the results properly.

Moderator note:

Nice solution. And thanks for the generalization as well.

Did the Same way :D

Mehul Arora - 5 years, 11 months ago

A great solution!

Akash Hossain - 3 years, 4 months ago

Yeah Same way

Kushagra Sahni - 5 years, 11 months ago
Majed Khalaf
Jun 28, 2015

Each two terms combined together (first and second, third and fourth .... ) mod 11 is equal to one, we have 1007 pairs and we are left with (1007-2015) mod 11 which is equal to "-7" mod 11, which equals 4

1 0 2 n + 1 1 ( m o d 11 ) . 1 0 2 n + 1 ( m o d 11 ) . S o o d d t e r m i s 1 , e v e n i s + 1. f r o m 1 t o 2014 e v e n t e r m s w i l l a c c u m u l a t e + 1007. B u t l a s t t e r m i s 2015 a n 0 d d t i v e t e r m . S o n e t w e g e t 2015 + 1007 = 1008. 1008 + 1100 = 92. 92 4 m o d 11. A N S W E R = 4. 10^{2n+1} \equiv -1 \pmod {11}.\\ 10^{2n} \equiv+1 \pmod {11}.\\ So~odd~term~is ~ -1, ~~even~~ is~ +1.\\ \therefore~from ~1~to~2014~even~ terms ~will~ accumulate~+1007. \\But~last term ~is~2015~an~0dd~-tive~term. \\ So~ net~we~get~-2015+1007= -1008.\\ -1008+1100=92.~~92\equiv ~4~\mod{11} .\\ ANSWER=4.

The second line should be 1 \equiv 1 nor 1 -1

Ankit Chabarwal - 4 years, 8 months ago

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Thank you. I have corrected.

Niranjan Khanderia - 4 years, 8 months ago

A great solution.Not only great but also a simplest solution.Thanks

Akash Hossain - 3 years, 4 months ago

guessing method

Adam Adair
Jun 28, 2015

Start by reducing this to a pattern. 10 divided by 11 has a remainder of 10. 210 divided by 11 has a remainder of 1. 3,210 divided by 11 has a remainder of 9. 43,210 divided by 11 has a remainder of 2. The pattern continues as 8,3,7,4,6,5,5,6,4,7,3,8,2,9,10,1. Separate of numbers of ñ from even and you get 10,9,8,7,5,4,3 ,2,1,0,10,9... For odd and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,0,1,2... Our n is 2015 is odd so we use the odd pattern and voila we get 4!

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