∫ 0 1 ln ( x ) ln ( 1 − x ) d x = a + c π b
The equation above holds true for integers a , b , and c . Find a + b + c .
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I thought that the integers are positive here.
Since ln ( 1 − x ) = − n = 1 ∑ ∞ n 1 x n 0 ≤ x < 1 we can use the Monotone Convergence Theorem to deduce that ∫ 0 1 ln x ln ( 1 − x ) d x = − n = 1 ∑ ∞ n 1 ∫ 0 1 x n ln x d x = n = 1 ∑ ∞ n ( n + 1 ) 2 1 = n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( n 1 − n + 1 1 − ( n + 1 ) 2 1 ) = 1 − n = 2 ∑ ∞ n 2 1 = 2 − ζ ( 2 ) = 2 − 6 1 π 2 making the answer 2 + 2 − 6 = − 2 .
Sir could it be done without series expansion?
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Well, you could note that ∫ 0 1 x u − 1 ( 1 − x ) v − 1 ln x ln ( 1 − x ) d x = ∂ u ∂ v ∂ 2 ∫ 0 1 x u − 1 ( 1 − x ) v − 1 d x = ∂ u ∂ v ∂ 2 B ( u , v ) for u , v > 0 , and hence deduce that ∫ 0 1 ln x ln ( 1 − x ) d x = ∂ u ∂ v ∂ 2 B ( u , v ) ∣ ∣ ∣ u = v = 1 to make sense of that, you will need to know the values of the digamma function ψ and its derivative at small integer values. I think the series expansion is easier.
Since ∫ 0 1 x n − 1 lo g ( 1 − x ) d x = − n H n and the required integral is n → 1 + lim ∂ n ∂ ∫ 0 1 x n − 1 lo g ( 1 − x ) = n → 1 + lim ∂ n ∂ n H n = n → 1 + lim ( n 2 H n + n H n ( 2 ) − n ζ ( 2 ) ) = 2 − ζ ( 2 ) Note that ∫ 0 1 x n − 1 lo g ( 1 − x ) = − k ≥ 1 ∑ ∫ 0 1 x n + k − 1 k d x = − k ≥ 1 ∑ k ( n + k ) 1 = − n H n For more approaches for the first logarithmic integrals result see here my solution .
The value of the given integral is 2 − 6 π 2 . So, a = 2 , b = 2 , c = − 6 , and a + b + c = 2 + 2 − 6 = − 2
Please explain why the answer is 2 − 6 π 2
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I'll go for a long, detailed solution, with the same approach as @Mark Hennings :
I = ∫ 0 1 ln ( x ) ln ( 1 − x ) d x
By the Maclaurin series of ln ( 1 − x ) for ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 and x = 1 :
I = − ∫ 0 1 ln ( x ) k = 1 ∑ ∞ k x k d x
I = − k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 ∫ 0 1 ln ( x ) ⋅ x k d x
Make x = e − u , d x = − e − u d u :
I = − k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 ∫ ∞ 0 ( − u ) ⋅ e − k u ⋅ ( − e − u ) d x
I = k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 ∫ 0 ∞ u ⋅ e − ( k + 1 ) u d x
Make u = k + 1 t , d u = k + 1 1 d t
I = k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 ∫ 0 ∞ k + 1 t ⋅ e − t k + 1 1 d t
I = k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 ( k + 1 ) 2 1 ∫ 0 ∞ t e − t d t
The integral is equal to Γ ( 2 ) , which is equal to 1 ! = 1 ( Γ ( s ) is the Gamma function )
I = k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 ( k + 1 ) 2 1
Expanding in partial fractions:
I = k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 − k + 1 1 − ( k + 1 ) 2 1
I = k = 1 ∑ ∞ k 1 − k + 1 1 − k = 1 ∑ ∞ ( k + 1 ) 2 1
The first sum will telescope and be equal to 1 . In the second sum, make n = k + 1
I = 1 − ⎝ ⎛ n = 2 ∑ ∞ n 2 1 ⎠ ⎞
I = 1 − ⎝ ⎛ n = 1 ∑ ∞ n 2 1 − 1 ⎠ ⎞
I = 2 − n = 1 ∑ ∞ n 2 1
The sum is the Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) evaluated at s = 2 , which is equal to 6 π 2
I = 2 − 6 π 2
Thus:
a = 2 , b = 2 , c = − 6 → a + b + c = − 2