Let P ( x ) be a polynomial of degree 99 satisfying P ( n ) = n ⋅ 9 9 ! for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … , 9 9 . If P ( 1 0 0 ) = 0 , find the value of the coefficient of x 9 8 in P ( x ) .
Notation : ! denotes the factorial notation. For example, 8 ! = 1 × 2 × 3 × ⋯ × 8 .
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Define a polynomial f ( x ) of degree 9 9 such that f ( x ) = P ( x ) − x ⋅ 9 9 ! . We have f ( x ) = 0 for x = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , 9 9 . By Remainder-Factor Theorem, we have f ( x ) = A ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) . . . ( x − 9 9 ) for some constant A . For x = 1 0 0 , we must have f ( x ) = − 1 0 0 ! , therefore A = − 1 0 0 . Note that f ( x ) and P ( x ) have the same coefficient for x 9 8 which is equal to − 1 0 0 times the negative value of the sum of the roots of f ( x ) .
( − 1 0 0 ) ( − 1 ) ( 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 9 9 ) = 4 9 5 0 0 0
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P ( x ) = A i = 1 ∏ 9 9 ( x − i ) + x ⋅ 9 9 !
Using P ( 1 0 0 ) = 0 , we get A = − 1 0 0 .
Hence, P ( x ) = − 1 0 0 i = 1 ∏ 9 9 ( x − i ) + x ⋅ 9 9 !
Coef of x 9 8 in P(x):
− 1 0 0 − 2 ( 9 9 ) ( 1 0 0 ) ( − 1 + ( − 2 ) + ( − 3 ) + ⋯ + ( − 9 9 ) )
= 1 0 0 × 9 9 × 5 0 = 4 9 5 0 0 0