n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 n + 1 ) 3 ( − 1 ) n = B π A
If the equation holds true for positive integers A and B , find A + B .
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Let D N be the square contour with vertices at ϵ N + i η N for ϵ , η = − 1 , 1 . The function f ( z ) = π sec π z is meromorphic, even and antiperiodic with (anti)period 1 . Moreover ∣ f ( z ) ∣ ≤ π for all z ∈ D N for all N ∈ N . Thus 2 π i 1 ∫ D N z 3 f ( z ) d z = R e s z = 0 z 3 f ( z ) + n = 0 ∑ N − 1 ( R e s z = n + 2 1 + R e s z = − n − 2 1 ) z 3 f ( z ) for any N ∈ N . Letting N → ∞ , and using the evenness of f ( z ) , we deduce that 0 = R e s z = 0 z 3 f ( z ) + 2 n = 0 ∑ ∞ R e s z = n + 2 1 z 3 f ( z ) But this tells us that 0 = 2 1 π 3 − 2 n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( n + 2 1 ) 3 ( − 1 ) n and hence that n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 n + 1 ) 3 ( − 1 ) n = 3 2 1 π 3 making the answer 3 + 3 2 = 3 5 .
You can show the series is equal to the integral much faster, by noting that 2 1 ∫ 0 ∞ 1 + e − 2 x x 2 e − x d x = 2 1 n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( − 1 ) n ∫ 0 ∞ x 2 e − ( 2 n + 1 ) x d x = n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 n + 1 ) 3 ( − 1 ) n
The substitution y = e − 2 x converts the integral to the second derivative of a Beta function.
I didn't write the solution of the integral because it is a bit long.
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I would suggest to put that in, since readers would be interested to see such a colorful derivation.
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n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 2 n + 1 ) 3 ( − 1 ) n = = = = = = = 1 − 3 3 1 + 5 3 1 − 7 3 1 + ⋯ ( 1 + 5 3 1 + 9 3 1 + 1 3 3 1 + ⋯ ) − ( 3 3 1 + 7 3 1 + 1 1 3 1 + ⋯ ) n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 4 n + 1 ) 3 1 − n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( 4 n − 1 ) 3 1 n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 4 n + 1 ) 3 1 − n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( 4 n − 1 ) 3 1 − 1 4 3 1 [ n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( n + 1 / 4 ) 3 1 − n = 0 ∑ ∞ ( n − 1 / 4 ) 3 1 ] − 1 4 3 1 [ − 2 ψ 2 ( 1 / 4 ) + 2 ψ 2 ( − 1 / 4 ) ] − 1 3 2 π 3
For the last step reasoning is: use recursive formula for polygamma function and then use reflection formula for polygamma function and simplify.