x 2 d x d y + ∫ 0 x x 2 y 5 d x = 0
Let y be a function of x satisfying the above equation and has a maximum value of 1 at x = 0 .
Find ∫ 0 ∞ x 2 y 5 d x
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The given DE is a Lane-Emden equation for n = 5 .
You can read about it on this article
How do you know that this is the only solution. May be we have to convert it in to systems of differential equations by introducing the variable y1=dy/dx and then use the existence uniqueness theorem.
Let's first take derivative with respect to x, we get
x 2 1 d x d x 2 d x d y + y 5 = 0
Next, we substitute in y = u x − 1 / 2 (I got this substitution from considering "balance of variable" i.e. x 2 1 d x d x 2 d x d y ∼ y 5 , so, y ∼ x − 1 / 2 and hence, the guess.)
Now, y ′ = u ′ x − 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 u x − 3 / 2 and y " = u " x − 1 / 2 − u ′ x − 3 / 2 + 3 / 4 u x − 5 / 2 and so,
x 2 1 d x d x 2 d x d y + y 5 = x 2 u " + x u ′ − 1 / 4 u + u 5 = 0
x 2 u " + x u ′ = d l n x 2 d 2 u So, we have turned the equation into the form we are familiar with.
( d u / d l n x ) 2 = A + 4 u 2 − 3 u 6 but d u / d l n x = x u ′ = 0 = u at x=0, so, A=0
d u / d l n x = u 4 1 − 3 u 4
∫ u 4 1 − 3 u 4 d u = 2 3 ∫ u 2 4 3 − u 4 d u 2
u 2 = 2 3 s i n θ
∫ sin θ d θ = 2 − 1 ln 1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ = l n A + l n x
c o s θ = A + x 2 A − x 2 = 3 / 4 3 / 4 − u 4 so,
u 4 = ( A + x 2 ) 2 3 A x 2 = y 4 x 2 now, y=1 at x=0 means A=3 so y = 3 + x 2 3 now the integral asked is plain easy, so, I will just leave it at this stage.
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I found that y = x 2 + 3 3 using a terrible brute force technique.
@Digvijay Singh , maybe you have a nice solution.