Numerical Integration of Exponential Tetration

Calculus Level 5

An exponential tetration is where x x is exponentiated by itself n n times.

For example,

4 x = x x x x _{ }^{ 4 }{ x }={ x }^{ {\displaystyle x }^{ {\displaystyle x }^{\displaystyle x } } }

As n n approaches \infty , then for some 0 < x < 1 0<x<1 , the function bifurcates at point B B , splitting into the upper branch where n n is even and the lower branch where n n is odd, even though in both cases, n n approaches \infty . Point A A is the origin ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) and point C C is ( 0 , 1 ) . (0,1). Let T T be the area of A B C ABC as defined by the upper and lower branches, and the line x = 0. x=0. What is the floor value 10000 T ? \left\lfloor 10000T \right\rfloor?

Note: Use of a computer and software is expected for numerical integration. The figure above is not drawn to scale.


The answer is 454.

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1 solution

Michael Mendrin
Aug 27, 2014

This problem is a little easier to solve if we looked at the function(s) in the other way. The curve as defined by the upper and lower branches, joining at point B , B, can alternatively be described by the implicit equation

x x y y = 0 { x }^{ { \displaystyle x }^{\displaystyle y } }-y=0

where x ( y ) x(y) arches smoothly from ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) to ( 1 , 0 ) 1,0) . Then any one of several possible numerical integration methods can be used, once we have an exact implicit equation. For example, given a valuie 0 y 1 0\le y\le 1 , numerically determine x x using the secant method, and use it as a data point for numerical integration.

The critical point B B is

( 1 e e , 1 e ) \left( \dfrac { 1 }{ { e }^{ e } } ,\dfrac { 1 }{ e } \right)

as shown in the given graphic

A more straightforward way to numerically integrate this is to use a loop to exponentially tetrate 0 x e e 0\le x\le { e }^{ -e } for some very large 2 n 2n and 2 n + 1 2n+1 , and use the difference as a data point for numerical integration. Thus, one can check the numerical results from both methods for confidence in final accuracy.

Note: The other critical point for the infinite exponential tetration is

( e 1 e , e ) ({ e }^{ \frac { 1 }{\displaystyle e } },e)

which is the limit of convergence, i.e., for x > e 1 e x>{ e }^{ \frac { 1 }{ e } } it does not converge

Nice problem but the wording was a bit iffy.

A Former Brilliant Member - 6 years, 9 months ago

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I can stil edit the wording, so how can it be improved?

Michael Mendrin - 6 years, 9 months ago

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@Michael Mendrin You can define what bifurcate means as, it is not a common term used in Brilliant

Julian Poon - 6 years, 7 months ago

I think it's fine. I had fun ;]

Ilya Andreev - 6 years, 8 months ago

I got the x x y = y { x }^{ { x }^{ y } }=y correct but Wolfram Alpha returned back nothing.

EDIT: Can I know what software you used?

Julian Poon - 6 years, 7 months ago

Why cant we write it as x y = y x^y = y

Ciara Sean - 5 years, 11 months ago

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