Odd quadratic

Algebra Level 3

If a , b a,b and c c are odd integers, can a x 2 + b x + c ax^2+bx+c ever have rational roots?

Bonus: Can you prove the correct answer?

The inspiration for this is from the 2015 mathematics competition held by the University of Lincoln.

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2 solutions

This is a quite interesting result. Here is a collection of few proofs. But let me type out my approach :

Proof :

Since a , b , c a,b,c are odd integers, let a = 2 x + 1 , b = 2 y + 1 a=2x+1 , b=2y+1 and c = 2 z + 1 c=2z+1 for x , y , z Z x,y,z \in \mathbb{Z} .

Now, Discriminant of the expression = b 2 4 a c = ( 2 y + 1 ) 2 4 ( 2 x + 1 ) ( 2 z + 1 ) = 4 y 2 + 4 y 16 x z 8 z 3 = b^{2} - 4ac = (2y+1)^{2} - 4(2x+1)(2z+1) = 4y^{2} + 4y -16xz -8z -3

= 8 [ y ( y + 1 ) 2 2 x z x z ] 3 = 8 k 3 = 8 \left[ \dfrac{y(y+1)}{2}-2xz-x-z \right] -3 = 8k-3 for some integer k k .

But all odd perfect squares are of the form 8 k + 1 8k+1 .

Hence, Discriminant of the expression a x 2 + b x + c ax^{2} + bx + c is not a perfect square, i.e. it doesn't have rational roots. Q.E.D

Moderator note:

Great explanation!

Nice approach.

Jack Sacks - 5 years, 4 months ago
Tom Engelsman
Feb 20, 2016

Suppose x = p/q is a rational root to the above quadratic ax^2 + bx + c = 0. This would yield:

a p^2 + bpq + c q^2 = 0 (i).

Assuming p and q are coprime integers (i.e. both are not even integers):

CASE 1: p & q both odd => (i) is the sum of three odd integers which is strictly an odd integer (contradiction).

CASE 2: p is even(odd) & q is odd(even) => (i) is the sum of two even integers and one odd integer which is strictly an odd integer (contradiction).

Hence, ax^2 + bx + c = 0 can't ever have rational roots for odd a, b, and c. QED

Good approach. Did the same way.

Rakhi Bhattacharyya - 5 years, 3 months ago

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