Odd Sum equals Even sum?

If N N denote the number of 26 26 -digit numbers: a 1 a 2 a 3 a 26 a_1 a_2 a_3 \ldots a_{26} which consists of zeros or ones only such that a 1 + a 3 + a 5 + + a 23 + a 25 = a 2 + a 4 + a 6 + + a 24 + a 26 a_1 + a_3 + a_5 + \ldots + a_{23} + a_{25} = a_2 + a_4 + a_6 + \ldots + a_{24} + a_{26} What is the last 3 3 digits of N N ?

Details and assumptions

SInce N N is a 26-digit number, a 1 0 a_1 \neq 0 .


The answer is 300.

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4 solutions

Akshaj Kadaveru
Dec 26, 2013

We know i = 1 13 a 2 i 1 = i = 1 13 a 2 i = c \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{13} a_{2i-1} = \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{13} a_{2i} = c for some constant 1 c 13 1 \le c \le 13 . For each case of c c , we must have a 1 = 1 a_1 = 1 , so we can set a 3 , a 5 , , a 25 a_3, a_5, \cdots , a_{25} in ( 12 c 1 ) \dbinom{12}{c-1} ways, and we can set a 2 , a 4 , , a 26 a_2, a_4, \cdots , a_{26} in ( 13 c ) \dbinom{13}{c} ways

Therefore our answer is i = 1 13 ( 12 c 1 ) ( 13 c ) = i = 1 13 ( 12 13 c ) ( 13 c ) = ( 25 13 ) 300 ( m o d 1000 ) \sum_{i=1}^{13} \dbinom{12}{c-1}\dbinom{13}{c} = \sum_{i=1}^{13} \dbinom{12}{13-c}\dbinom{13}{c} = \dbinom{25}{13} \equiv \boxed{300} \pmod{1000} by Vandermonde's Identity.

shouldn't the index be c in the sums at the end?

Jorge Fernández - 7 years, 5 months ago

Can you please explain how did you calculate that (25 C 13 ) is 300 mod 1000

Sai Krishna - 7 years, 5 months ago

Really elegant approach with clever usage of the Vandermonde identity

Eddie The Head - 7 years, 3 months ago

Just forget about a1=1 restriction.

If you have i 1's in odd places, then you need to have i 1's in even places. (for i=0,1,....13) Number of ways you can have i 1's = C(13,i)*C(13,i)

Hence total number of ways = Sum (C(13,i) C(13,i)) for i=0 to 13 = Sum(C(13i) C(13,13-i)) for i=0 to 13 = C(26,13)

By symmetry (There is nothing special about '0' or '1'), there are half number of a1=0 and half number of a1=1.

=> C(26,13)/2

Anurag Poddar - 7 years, 3 months ago

oh my gosh!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I have a HUGE doubt about this, doesn't the question say "the number is made up of all 0s and 1s.." then HOW can the last 3 digits be 300?????? It must only consist 0 and 1, not any other number like 3. Someone, please explain!

Vaishnavi Gupta - 7 years, 2 months ago

Vaishnavi, the question is asking for the last 3 digits of the total number of possibilities of the 26 digit number not for the last 3 digits of the 26 digit number itself.

Narahari Bharadwaj - 7 years ago
Michael Tong
Dec 23, 2013

Note that a 1 = 1 a_1 = 1 , or else it would not be a 26 26 digit number. The number of ways to have the LHS digit sum be equal to n n and the RHS digit sum equal to n n is equal to ( 12 n 1 ) {12 \choose {n-1}} and ( 13 n ) {13 \choose n} , respectively. We could find the sum from n = 1 t o 13 n = 1 to 13 of that product, but I found an easier way through some investigation:

Note that the sum is taking two rows in pascal's triangle and taking the element in the top row and multiplying it with the number that is to the bottom and to the right of it. I found the first sums and found a sequence of 1 , 3 , 10 , 35 , 126 1, 3, 10, 35, 126 , which I recognized as binomial coefficients, so I converted them: ( 1 0 ) , ( 3 2 ) , ( 5 3 ) , ( 7 4 ) , ( 9 5 ) {1 \choose 0}, {3 \choose 2}, {5 \choose 3}, {7 \choose 4}, {9 \choose 5} , and I found a pattern that it was equal to ( 2 n + 1 n + 1 ) {{2n+1} \choose {n+1}} , though due to the fact that I should really be doing college apps I left it at that, computed ( 25 13 ) ( m o d 1000 ) {{25} \choose {13}} \pmod {1000} by finding the last digit and multiplying by 100 100 and called it a day.

Good observation, it is actually a special case of the Vandermonde's Identity.

George G - 7 years, 5 months ago

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Whats that ??

Priyanka Banerjee - 7 years, 5 months ago

Cool, thanks for letting me know

Michael Tong - 7 years, 5 months ago

Sorry but could you explain what you meant by

the sum is taking two rows in pascal's triangle and taking the element in the top row and multiplying it with the number that is to the bottom and to the right of it?

(As in what do you mean by sum?)

Happy Melodies - 7 years, 5 months ago

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By the sum I mean N, what we're trying to find in the problem.

Michael Tong - 7 years, 5 months ago

haha, I feel you on the college apps.

A Former Brilliant Member - 7 years, 5 months ago

Nice one :D. But I've got a different type of solution. a 1 a_1 has to be 1 1 . But when a 1 = 0 a_1 = 0 , just change all the 0 s 0's into 1 1 and all the 1 s 1's into 0 s 0's in both sides of the equation. So, a 1 a_1 has now got the value 1 1 and still both sides of the equation shares the same sum. Thus you can get a one-to-one correspondence between the possible combinations when a 1 a_1 is 1 1 and when a 1 a_1 is 0 0 . Now the total number of such numbers without the condition that a 1 a_1 has to be 1 1 is ( 13 0 ) 2 + ( 13 1 ) 2 + + ( 13 12 ) 2 + ( 13 13 ) 2 {13 \choose 0}^2+{13 \choose 1}^2+ \ldots +{13 \choose 12}^2+{13 \choose 13}^2 or ( 13 0 ) ( 13 13 ) + + ( 13 12 ) ( 13 1 ) + ( 13 13 ) ( 13 0 ) = ( 26 13 ) {13 \choose 0}{13 \choose 13}+ \ldots +{13 \choose 12}{13 \choose 1}+{13 \choose 13}{13 \choose 0} = {26 \choose 13} . And so N N would be ( 26 13 ) / 2 300 ( m o d 1000 ) {26 \choose 13}/2 \equiv 300 \pmod{1000} .

Nayeemul Islam Swad - 7 years, 4 months ago
Taehyung Kim
Feb 2, 2014

We proceed with casework on the possible sums. If the sum is 1, then there is a total of ( 12 0 ) ( 13 1 ) \binom{12}{0}\cdot\binom{13}{1} (there must be a 1 as the first digit and the digits at the odd position have ( 12 0 ) \binom{12}{0} and the digits at the even position have ( 13 1 ) \binom{13}{1} ). Similarly, if the sum is 2, then there is a total of ( 12 1 ) ( 13 2 ) \binom{12}{1} \cdot \binom{13}{2} . Continuing this gives us the sum ( 12 0 ) ( 13 1 ) + ( 12 1 ) ( 13 2 ) + + ( 12 12 ) ( 13 13 ) . \binom{12}{0} \cdot \binom{13}{1} + \binom{12}{1} \cdot \binom{13}{2} + \cdots + \binom{12}{12} \cdot \binom{13}{13} . This is just simply Vandermonde's identity, so we have ( 25 13 ) \binom{25}{13} which has last three digits 300 \boxed{300} .

Sorry for sharing this here..... i am a beginner thats d reason i took this method :( First digit in 26-digit number should be 1.. so for remaining 25 digits 1==even digits-odd digits and no of ways ==5200\boxed{300}

here its c programme

include<stdio.h>

int main(){ int q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o,p,a,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,z,x,c,v,b,n,sum=0; for(q=0;q<2;q++){
for(w=0;w<2;w++){ for(e=0;e<2;e++){ for(r=0;r<2;r++){ for(t=0;t<2;t++){ for(y=0;y<2;y++){ for(u=0;u<2;u++){ for(i=0;i<2;i++){ for(o=0;o<2;o++){ for(p=0;p<2;p++){ for(a=0;a<2;a++){ for(s=0;s<2;s++){ for(d=0;d<2;d++){ for(f=0;f<2;f++){ for(g=0;g<2;g++){ for(h=0;h<2;h++){ for(j=0;j<2;j++){ for(k=0;k<2;k++){ for(l=0;l<2;l++){ for(z=0;z<2;z++){ for(x=0;x<2;x++){ for(c=0;c<2;c++){ for(v=0;v<2;v++){ for(b=0;b<2;b++){ for(n=0;n<2;n++){ if(q+w+e+r+t+y+u+i+o+p+a+s+d-f-g-h-j-k-l-z-x-c-v-b-n==1) sum++; }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} printf("%d", sum); return 0; }

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