Oh dear 11!

Find the remainder when k = 1 100 k ( k ! ) \sum_{k=1}^{100} k(k!) is divided by 11.


Details :-

\bullet k ! k! stands for factorial of k k , that is k ! = k × ( k 1 ) × ( k 2 ) × . . . × 2 × 1 k!=k\times (k-1)\times (k-2) \times ... \times 2 \times 1


This is a part of the set 11≡ awesome (mod remainders)

10 8 3 1

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5 solutions

汶汶 樂
Sep 16, 2014

Consider k(k!)=(k+1)!-k!, the sum equals to 101!-1. Since 11 is a factor of 101!, the sum=(-1) (mod 11) = 10 (mod 11)

This would have been such a wonderful solution had you explained the first part which interprets this as a telescoping factorial series. Anyway, you get an upvote :)

Krishna Ar - 6 years, 8 months ago

i learn this formula today...and use it here!!!

Dev Sharma - 5 years, 9 months ago
Kenny Lau
Sep 16, 2014

Since k(k!) is divisible by 11 if k 11 k\ge11 ,

k = 1 100 k ( k ! ) \sum_{k=1}^{100}k(k!) k = 1 10 k ( k ! ) (mod 11) \sum_{k=1}^{10}k(k!)\mbox{ (mod 11)} 10 × 10 ! + 9 × 9 ! + 8 × 8 ! + + 3 × 3 ! + 2 × 2 ! + 1 × 1 ! (mod 11) \equiv 10\times10! + 9\times9! + 8\times8! + \cdots + 3\times3! + 2\times2! + 1\times1!\mbox{ (mod 11)} 10 (mod 11) \equiv 10\mbox{ (mod 11)}

Nice number theoretical solution!

Adarsh Kumar - 6 years, 8 months ago

Thats exactly what I did!!

Mehul Arora - 6 years, 3 months ago

k ( k ! ) = ( k + 1 1 ) ( k ! ) = ( k + 1 ) ! ( k ! ) k(k!)=(k+1-1)(k!)=(k+1)!-(k!)

therefore, the given sum reduces to:

2 ! 1 ! + 3 ! 2 ! + 4 ! 3 ! + . . . . . + 101 ! 100 ! = 101 ! 1 2!-1!+3!-2!+4!-3!+.....+101!-100!=101!-1

And since 101 ! 101! is divisible by 11 11 , the remainder is 1 -1 . Remainders are positive by convention, so we find the positive remainder counterpart, which is 10 10

Curtis Clement
Feb 16, 2015

To offer a different solution... As 11| 11! + 12! +...+ 101! k = 1 100 ( k + 1 ) ! ( 2 ! + 3 ! + . . . + 10 ! ) 10 m o d ( 11 ) \sum_{k=1}^{100} (k+1)!\equiv(2! + 3! +...+ 10!)\equiv10mod(11) (I used a calculator to find the remainder of the final sum)

Amit Gupta
Dec 5, 2014

dis cld be solvd simply see frm 11 11! to lst term der wl be no remainder if we divide by 11. nw for summ k k! for 1 to 10 cab ve solvd as k*k! =k+1!-k! .nw alternate trms are cancld nd we r left wid 11!-1! whch is 11 n-1 frm nd =s to
11(n-1)-10 nd wen divided by 11 gvs 10 as remaindr

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