S = k = 1 ∑ 2 5 2 ( 8 k 2 0 2 0 ) How many 0's does the number S contain if written to base 2?
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Nice observation of the symmetry to obtain S 8 = 2 S 4 , thereby simplifying your calculations slightly.
Still the master is better.
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The setter of the problem always has the "home court advantage." I posed the problem because I saw the shortcut. I would not have had the patience to do it the long (and systematic) way.
Let f ( x ) = ( 1 + x ) 2 0 2 0 , then we have:
S = k = 1 ∑ 2 0 2 0 ( 2 0 2 0 8 k ) = k = 0 ∑ 2 0 2 0 ( 2 0 2 0 8 k ) − 1 Let ω 8 = 1 , the eighth root of unity. = 8 1 ( f ( 1 ) + f ( 1 + ω ) + f ( 1 + ω 2 ) + f ( 1 + ω 3 ) + f ( 1 + ω 4 ) + f ( 1 + ω 5 ) + f ( 1 + ω 6 ) + f ( 1 + ω 7 ) ) − 1 = 8 1 ( ( 1 + 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 + 2 1 + i 2 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 + i ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 − 2 1 + i 2 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 − 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 − 2 1 − i 2 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 − i ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 + 2 1 − i 2 1 ) 2 0 2 0 ) − 1 = 8 1 ( 2 2 0 2 0 + 2 5 0 5 ( 1 + 2 ) 2 0 2 0 i − 2 1 0 1 0 − 2 5 0 5 ( 1 − 2 ) 2 0 2 0 i + 0 + 2 5 0 5 ( 1 − 2 ) 2 0 2 0 i − 2 1 0 1 0 − 2 5 0 5 ( 1 + 2 ) 2 0 2 0 i ) − 1 = 8 1 ( 2 2 0 2 0 − 2 1 0 1 1 ) − 1 = 2 2 0 1 7 − 2 1 0 0 8 − 1 = ( 1 2 0 1 7 zeroes 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 ) 2 − ( 1 1 0 0 8 zeroes 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 ) 2 − ( 1 ) 2 = ( 2 0 1 7 ones 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 0 0 8 zeroes 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 ) 2 − ( 1 ) 2 = ( 2 0 1 6 ones 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 8 ones 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 ) 2
⇒ There is only 1 zero in S in base-2.
Very systematic and detailed solution (upvote)! Thank you! Being a lazy guy, I reduced the problem from 8 to 4 first; see my solution.
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Let S n = ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( k n 2 0 2 0 ) . Since ( j 2 0 2 0 ) = ( 2 0 2 0 − j 2 0 2 0 ) , we have S 8 = ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 8 k + 4 2 0 2 0 ) , so that S 8 = 2 S 4 .
Now we use a roots of unity filter , S 4 = 4 1 ( ( 1 + 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 + i ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 − 1 ) 2 0 2 0 + ( 1 − i ) 2 0 2 0 ) = 4 1 ( 2 2 0 2 0 + ( 2 i ) 1 0 1 0 + ( − 2 i ) 1 0 1 0 ) = 4 1 ( 2 2 0 2 0 − 2 1 0 1 1 ) = 2 2 0 1 8 − 2 1 0 0 9
Finally S = S 8 − 1 = 2 S 4 − 1 = 2 2 0 1 7 − 2 1 0 0 8 − 1 . Now 2 2 0 1 7 − 1 is all ones to base 2, and S has just 1 zero.