Oscillating wire

The arrangement shown is kept in an insulating liquid of density twice that of the identical wires making angle θ \theta with each other and carrying current I I each, such that the tilted wire is free to rotate about the smooth hinge. The vertical wire is very long and is kept fixed. It is observed that the smaller wire of length L L is in equilibrium at θ = 6 0 \theta = 60^{\circ} .

Now, the smaller wire is turned through a small angle in the vertical plane and released. Find the time period of its oscillations.

Details and assumptions :
- L = 1 m L = 1m
- g = 9.8 m / s 2 g = 9.8 m/s^2


The answer is 1.33806.

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1 solution

Jatin Yadav
Mar 29, 2014

First, we find the torque due to the magnetic force , that will be equal to torque of (gravity and buoyant force) at equilibrium.

Clearly, as density of liquid is 2 ρ 2 \rho , the net force except magnetic force is 2 m g m g = m g 2mg - mg = mg upwards, creating an anticlockwise torque of m g L 2 sin θ mg \frac{L}{2} \sin \theta about hinge.

Consider a small element of length d x dx , at a distance x x from the hinge on the smaller element. The magnetic force on this element is shown.

Clearly, the magnetic field here due to long wire is given by :

B = μ 0 I 2 π x sin θ ( 1 + cos θ 2 ) \displaystyle B = \frac{\mu_{0} I}{2 \pi x \sin \theta} \bigg(\frac{1+ \cos \theta}{2}\bigg) out of the plane.

The force on the element is as shown,

d F = I B d x = μ 0 I 2 2 π x sin θ ( 1 + cos θ 2 ) d x \displaystyle dF = I B dx = \frac{\mu_{0} I^2}{2 \pi x \sin \theta} \big(\frac{1+ \cos \theta}{2}\big) dx

Hence, d τ B = x d F B = μ 0 I 2 ( 1 + cos θ ) 4 π sin θ d x \displaystyle d \tau_{B}= x dF_{B} = \frac{\mu_{0} I^2 (1+ \cos \theta)}{4 \pi \sin \theta} dx

d τ B = μ 0 I 2 cot θ 2 4 π d x \Rightarrow \displaystyle d \tau_{B} = \frac{\mu_{0} I^2 \cot \frac{\theta}{2}}{4 \pi} dx

Thus, τ B = μ 0 I 2 L 4 π cot θ 2 \displaystyle \tau_{B} = \frac{\mu_{0} I^2 L}{4 \pi} \cot \frac{\theta}{2}

At θ = 6 0 \theta = 60^{\circ} , the torques balance,

μ 0 I 2 L 4 π cot 6 0 2 = m g L 2 sin 6 0 \displaystyle \frac{\mu_{0} I^2 L}{4 \pi} \cot \frac{60^{\circ}}{2} = mg \frac{L}{2} \sin 60^{\circ}

μ 0 I 2 π = m g \Rightarrow \frac{\mu_{0} I^2}{\pi} = mg

Put this value in the expression of torque due to magnetic force to get :

τ B = m g L 4 cot θ 2 \displaystyle \tau_{B} = \frac{mg L}{4} \cot \frac{\theta}{2}

Hence, τ n e t = m g L 4 cot θ 2 m g L 2 cos θ \tau_{net} = \frac{mg L}{4} \cot \frac{\theta}{2} - \frac{mgL}{2} \cos \theta clockwise

Now, when displaced by small angle ϕ \phi , Wire would restore. Differentiate above expression to get

δ τ n e t ϕ m g L 8 csc 2 θ 2 m g L 2 cos θ \displaystyle \frac{\delta \tau_{net}}{\phi} \approx -\frac{mg L}{8} \csc^2 \frac{\theta}{2} - \frac{mgL}{2} \cos \theta

Since, initially, τ n e t = 0 \tau_{net}= 0 , δ τ n e t = τ n e t \delta \tau_{net} = \tau_{net}

At θ = 6 0 \theta = 60^{\circ} ,

δ τ n e t = τ n e t = 3 m g L 4 ϕ \delta \tau_{net} = \tau_{net} = \frac{-3mgL}{4} \phi

Hence, m L 2 3 ϕ ¨ = 3 m g L 4 ϕ \frac{mL^2}{3} \ddot{\phi} = - \frac{3mgL}{4} \phi

Hence, we get T = 4 L 9 g \displaystyle \boxed{T = \sqrt{\frac{4L}{9g}}}

Substitute the values to get T 1.33806 s T \approx 1.33806 s

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