P for Practice

Algebra Level 3

If p p is a complex number such that p 2 + 1 p 2 = 1 p^2 + \frac{1}{ p^2 } = 1 , then find the value of

p 3 + 1 p 3 . p^3 + \frac{1}{ p^3 }.

0 2 3 1

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15 solutions

p 3 + 1 p 3 = p 3 + ( 1 p ) 3 p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3} = p^3 + (\frac{1}{p})^3 \Longrightarrow
p 3 + 1 p 3 = ( p + 1 p ) ( p 2 p 1 p + 1 p 2 ) p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3} = (p + \frac{1}{p})(p^2 - p\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{p^2}) \Longrightarrow
p 3 + 1 p 3 = ( p + 1 p ) ( p 2 + 1 p 2 p 1 p ) p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3} = (p + \frac{1}{p})(p^2 + \frac{1}{p^2} - p\frac{1}{p}) \Longrightarrow
p 3 + 1 p 3 = ( p + 1 p ) ( 1 1 ) p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3} = (p + \frac{1}{p})(1 - 1) \Longrightarrow
p 3 + 1 p 3 = ( p + 1 p ) × 0 p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3} = (p + \frac{1}{p}) \times 0 \Longrightarrow
p 3 + 1 p 3 = 0 p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3} = \boxed{0}

But, you can't use 0 as divisor cause it is not permissible. You'll have undefined answers... And , how come step three above has partial answer as (1-1)! Doubt it... I challenge the contributor of this problem...!

Marites Sol - 6 years, 6 months ago

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There is nothing wrong with this solution.

At no point do we divide by 0. He showed that A = B × C A = B \times C , where C = 0 C = 0 , and thus we can conclude that A = 0 A = 0 .

Calvin Lin Staff - 6 years, 6 months ago

It is 1-1 NOT (1-1)!

Syed Baqir - 5 years, 10 months ago

But 0 is not a divisor. Where is anyone dividing by zero?

Whitney Clark - 5 years, 7 months ago
Sandeep Bhardwaj
Dec 1, 2014

Since we know that

( p + 1 p ) 2 = p 2 + 1 p 2 + 2 = 3 \left(p+\frac{1}{p}\right)^2=p^2+\frac{1}{p^2}+2=3

p + 1 p = ± 3 \implies p+\frac{1}{p}=\pm \sqrt{3}

And also we know

( p + 1 p ) 3 = p 3 + 1 p 3 + 3 ( p + 1 p ) \left(p+\frac{1}{p}\right)^3=p^3+\frac{1}{p^3}+3\left(p+\frac{1}{p}\right)

p 3 + 1 p 3 = ( p + 1 p ) 3 3 ( p + 1 p ) \implies p^3+\frac{1}{p^3}=\left(p+\frac{1}{p}\right)^3-3\left(p+\frac{1}{p}\right)

p 3 + 1 p 3 = ± 3. 3 3. 3 = 0 \implies p^3+\frac{1}{p^3}=\pm 3.\sqrt{3} \mp 3.\sqrt{3}=\boxed{0}

enjoy !

The only solutions to p 2 + 1 p 2 = 1 p^2 + \frac{1}{ p^2 } = 1 are complex valued. The condition that p > 0 p > 0 implies (makes the implicit assumption) that p p must be a real value, which contradicts this fact.

In any case, we cannot conclude that p + 1 p = 3 p + \frac{1}{p} = \sqrt{3} .

See Theodore's solution for how to proceed.

Calvin Lin Staff - 6 years, 6 months ago

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Yeah, I agree with you that p p can't take real value. But this is wrong to say that we can't conclude that p + 1 p = 3 p+\frac{1}{p}=\sqrt{3} . Now I've edited my solution and now it's perfect.

Sandeep Bhardwaj - 6 years, 6 months ago

Yes, I got it. p p is not real

Manish Mayank - 6 years, 6 months ago
Donny Tran
Dec 1, 2014

Even though there is a proven answer to this answer. But from some logical tests, it seems like there cannot exist a real number p that give the equation (p^2)+1/(p^2)=1.

If p=1, then (p^2)+1/(p^2)=2. If p equals any number higher or lower than 1, then (p^2)+1/(p^2)>2.

Thanks for pointing that out. I have removed the requirement that p > 0 p > 0 , which is not needed.

Calvin Lin Staff - 6 years, 6 months ago
Roy Tu
Jan 9, 2015

Multiply both sides by p + 1 p p+\frac{1}{p} to get:

p 3 + 1 p 3 + p + 1 p = p + 1 p p^3+\frac{1}{p^3}+p+\frac{1}{p}=p+\frac{1}{p}

p 3 + 1 p 3 = 0 p^3+\frac{1}{p^3}=0

We know that p + 1 p p+\frac{1}{p} is not 0 because that is only possible if p p is purely complex (which it isn't, because then p 2 + 1 p 2 p^2+\frac{1}{p^2} has no solutions). Hence why we can multiply both sides by it.

What is the meaning of purely complex? Even if it (p+1/p) is zero you can multiply it! And p is complex here! What do you mean by solution of an expression ( p 2 1 p 2 p^{2} -\frac{1}{p^{2}} is an expression not an equation).

Love Grover - 5 years, 6 months ago
Brian Kardon
Feb 8, 2016

We can transform the original equation by multiplying through by p 2 p^2 (keeping in mind that p = 0 p=0 cannot be a solution), then bringing all the terms on one side.

p 4 p 2 + 1 = 0 p^4 - p^2 + 1 = 0

We can use the quadratic formula to solve for p 2 p^2 :

p 2 = 1 ± 3 2 p^2 = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{-3}}{2}

p 2 = 1 2 ± 3 2 i p^2 = \frac{1}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i

This can easily be transformed into an exponent using Euler's equation:

p 2 = exp ( ± i π / 3 ) p^2 = \exp\left(\pm i \pi/3\right)

Taking the square root of both sides, we get:

p = ± exp ( ± i π / 6 ) p = \pm \exp\left(\pm i \pi/6\right)

Our desired expression involves p 3 p^3 , so we raise both sides to the power 3:

p 3 = ± exp ( ± i π / 2 ) p^3 = \pm \exp\left(\pm i \pi/2\right)

Using Euler's equation again, we can transform this to:

p 3 = ± i p^3 = \pm i

Plugging into the final expression:

p 3 + 1 p 3 p^3 + \frac{1}{p^3}

± i + 1 ± i \pm i + \frac{1}{\pm i}

± i i = 0 \pm i \mp i = 0

Thus the expression evaluates to 0.

Syed Baqir
Aug 15, 2015

Multiply p to get :: p^3 = p - 1/p Multiply with 1/p :: 1/P^3 = 1/p - p

Therefore, p^3 + 1/p^3 = 0

Jesse Nieminen
Aug 2, 2015

p^2 + 1/p^2 = 1

p^4 - p^2 + 1 = 0

x = p^2

x^2 - x + 1 = 0

x1 = 1/2 - 1/2sqrt(3)i

x2 = 1/2 + 1/2sqrt(3)i

p1 = -sqrt(1/2 - 1/2sqrt(3)i)

p2 = sqrt(1/2 - 1/2sqrt(3)i)

p3 = -sqrt(1/2 + 1/2sqrt(3)i)

p4 = sqrt(1/2 + 1/2sqrt(3)i

p^3 + 1/p^3 = sqrt(1/2 + 1/2sqrt(3)i)^3 + 1/sqrt(1/2 + 1/2sqrt(3)i)^3 (any p can be used)

(1/2 + 1/2sqrt(3)i)^3

= 1/8 + 3/8sqrt(3)i - 9/8 - 3/8sqrt(3)i

= -1

p^3 + 1/p^3

= sqrt(-1) + 1/sqrt(-1)

= i + 1/i

= i - i

= 0

Radinoiu Damian
Jul 21, 2015

p 2 + 1 p 2 = 1 p 4 + 1 p 2 = 1 p 4 p 2 + 1 = 0 p^2+\frac{1}{p^2}=1 \Rightarrow \frac{p^4+1}{p^2}=1 \Rightarrow p^4-p^2+1=0 Now since p 2 + 1 p 2 = 1 p 3 + 1 p = p p 3 = p 2 1 p p^2+\frac{1}{p^2}=1 \Rightarrow p^3+\frac{1}{p}=p \Rightarrow p^3=\frac{p^2-1}{p} Therefore p 3 + 1 p 3 = p 2 1 p + p p 2 1 = p 4 2 p 2 + 1 + p 2 p ( p 2 1 ) = p 4 p 2 + 1 p ( p 2 1 ) = 0 p^3+\frac{1}{p^3}=\frac{p^2-1}{p}+\frac{p}{p^2-1}=\frac{p^4-2p^2+1+p^2}{p(p^2-1)}=\frac{p^4-p^2+1}{p(p^2-1)}=0 We already concluded numerator is zero

if we multiple P 2 + 1 / P 2 = 1 P^2+1/P^2=1 with p a n d 1 / p p \\and\\ 1/p then we wil got P 3 = P ( 1 / P ) a n d 1 / P 3 = ( 1 / P ) P P^3=P-(1/P) \\and\\ 1/P^3=(1/P)-P hence the answer is 0

Atanu Majumdar
Dec 2, 2014

p2 + 1/p2 =1 >> (p +1/p)2 -2 = 1>> Establishing (p +1/p) = 3.

Also, we know that p3 +1/p3 = (p +1/p)^3 - 3( p+1/p) ; Hence , substituting the value of p + 1/p.

Shashank Atray
Dec 2, 2014

use whole square 2 ( a b ) = 2 a + 2 b 2 a b 2^{(a-b)} = 2^{a} + 2^{b} - 2ab you will get a-b as 3 \sqrt{3} now we find a-b value now cube it take the 3ab(a-b) on other side which will be same as the whole cube 3 \sqrt{3} subtracting gets 0

Unmarried Amit
Dec 2, 2014

(p+1/p)^2 -2.(p 1/p)=1 p+1/p=sq. root 3 again from the question we can write , (p+1/p)^3 -3 p*1/p (p+1/p) then, 3( sq root 3 ) - 3( sq root 3)

>>> 0

that's the answer !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Kathleen Kasper
Dec 1, 2014

{ p }^{ 3 }+\frac { 1 }{ { p }^{ 3 } } \ =\quad \frac { ({ p }^{ 6 }+1) }{ { p }^{ 3 } } \ =\quad \frac { ({ p }^{ 2 }+1)({ p }^{ 4 }-{ p }^{ 2 }+1) }{ { p }^{ 3 } } \ Since\quad { p }^{ 2 }+\frac { 1 }{ { p }^{ 2 } } =\quad 1,\quad multiplying\quad by\quad { p }^{ 2 }\quad yields\quad { p }^{ 4 }-{ p }^{ 2 }+1=0,\quad which\quad makes\quad the\quad above\quad expression\quad equal\quad to\quad 0.

Banoth Ravinder
Dec 1, 2014

p2+1/p2+2.p.1/p=1+2 (p+1/p)2=3 multiply with (p+1/p) on both sides (p+1/p)3=p3+3.p2.1/p+3.p.1/p2+1/p3 =>p3+1/p3+3(p+1/p)=3(p+1/p) =>p3+1/p3=0

Nikola Djuric
Dec 1, 2014

p=±cis(±PI/6) are 4 solutions of first equation,so p^3=±cis(±PI/2),p^(-3)=±cis(∓PI/2) so p^3+p^(-3)=±cis(±PI/2)±cis(∓PI/2)=±(cos(PI/2)±isin(PI/2))±(cos(PI/2)∓isin(PI/2))=±(±i)±(∓i)=0 for all 4 solutions of p...

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