What is the largest number for which you can paint an grid using colors of paint (each color used to paint exactly squares), such that no row or column has more than five colors in it?
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One solution for n = 2 5 is when you paint 25 5x5 grids, each a uniform color, and then arrange them in 5 rows of 5. The top of this solution looks like this:
Now this can't be done for n > 2 5 , and here is my attempt at a proof by contradiction:
Assume you can do it for n = 2 6 . Then you add up the total number of colors used in each rows and the total will be, at most , (5 colors in each row/column)x(52 total rows and columns) = 260.
However, it is easy to see that however you color 26 squares, they will occupy at least 11 total number of rows and columns. So, the minimum number of total colors is given by 2 6 × 1 1 = 2 8 6 .
This would imply that 2 8 6 ≤ 2 6 0 , which is a contradiction. So, there would be no way to do it for a 26x26 matrix. It can be similarly shown for any number greater than 26 as well.