Pesky prime

Consider the equation 1 x + 1 y = 1 p \dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{p} for some prime integer p p . The total number of distinct integer solutions ( x , y ) (x, y) is?


The answer is 5.

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1 solution

Noel Lo
Jun 8, 2018

1 x + 1 y = 1 p \dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{p}

x + y x y = 1 p \dfrac{x+y}{xy}=\dfrac{1}{p}

x y = p ( x + y ) xy=p(x+y)

x y = p x + p y xy=px+py

x y p x p y = 0 xy-px-py=0

x y p x p y + p 2 = p 2 xy-px-py+p^2=p^2

( x p ) ( y p ) = p 2 (x-p)(y-p)=p^2

Now in general, p n p^n has ( n + 1 ) (n+1) distinct positive factors for any prime p p and any nonnegative integer n n , considering that p p is irreducible in the ring of integers. To be exact, these factors are p i p^i for i = 0 , 1 , . . . , ( n 1 ) , n i=0,1,...,(n-1),n Thus p 2 p^2 has 2 + 1 = 3 2+1=3 distinct positive factors and without loss of generality, consider x p = 1 , p , p 2 x-p=1, p, p^2 . Note that all the corresponding negatives, namely 1 , p , p 2 -1, -p, -p^2 are also factors of p 2 p^2 but we have to exclude p -p as a possible value of ( x p ) (x-p) as this would make x = 0 x=0 .

Thus we have a total of 3 × 2 1 = 6 1 = 5 3\times2-1=6-1=\boxed{5} distinct solutions for ( x , y ) (x,y) .

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