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Calculus Level 5

A circle of radius r < 1 r \lt 1 is internally tangent to a unit circle. A chord is drawn inside the unit circle that is tangent to the radius r r circle and perpendicular to the line joining the centers of the two circles.

Let O O be the center of the smaller circle, and let P , Q P, Q be the endpoints of the chord as described above. The value of r r that maximizes the perimeter of triangle O P Q OPQ can be written as a b c \dfrac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c} , where a , b , c a, b, c are positive coprime integers and b b is square-free. Find a + b + c a + b + c .


The answer is 26.

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1 solution

Just a quick outline of one solution method....

The distance between the center C C of the unit circle and the point T T of tangency of the chord and the smaller circle is 1 2 r 1 - 2r . By symmetry, T T is the midpoint of the chord, so triangle C T P CTP is a right-angled triangle. By Pythagoras, we have that

T P = 1 ( 1 2 r ) 2 = 2 r r 2 TP = \sqrt{1 - (1 - 2r)^{2}} = 2\sqrt{r - r^{2}} ,

and so the length of the chord is 4 r r 2 4\sqrt{r - r^{2}} .

Again using Pythagoras, the lengths of sides O P OP and O Q OQ are each

r 2 + ( T P ) 2 = r 2 + 4 ( r r 2 ) = 4 r 3 r 2 \sqrt{r^{2} + (TP)^{2}} = \sqrt{r^{2} + 4(r - r^{2})} = \sqrt{4r - 3r^{2}} .

The perimeter of triangle O T P OTP is then L = 4 r r 2 + 2 4 r 3 r 2 L = 4\sqrt{r - r^{2}} + 2\sqrt{4r - 3r^{2}} .

Setting the derivative d L d r \dfrac{dL}{dr} equal to 0 0 and then simplifying yields the equation

( 2 r 1 ) 4 r 3 r 2 = ( 2 3 r ) r r 2 (2r - 1)\sqrt{4r - 3r^{2}} = (2 - 3r)\sqrt{r - r^{2}} ,

which, after squaring both sides and further simplifying, yields the equation

3 r 2 7 r + 3 = 0 r = 7 ± 13 6 3r^{2} - 7r + 3 = 0 \Longrightarrow r = \dfrac{7 \pm \sqrt{13}}{6} .

Now since r < 1 r \lt 1 we have r = 7 13 6 r = \dfrac{7 - \sqrt{13}}{6} . Thus a = 7 , b = 13 , c = 6 a = 7, b = 13, c = 6 and a + b + c = 26 a + b + c = \boxed{26} .

Comment: Since the perimeter would go to 0 0 as r 0 r \rightarrow 0 it should be clear that any critical point found using the above method will yield a maximum perimeter. An application of the second derivative test would be definitive, but not practically necessary.

There it goes again. I got the answer right but it does not register it.

Let the point where the two circles meet be S S and the point where the smaller circle touches the chord be T T . Let P S T = θ \angle PST = \theta , then it is found that r = cos 2 θ r=\cos^2{\theta} . And then T P = 2 r r 2 TP = 2\sqrt{r-r^2} and O P = 4 r 3 r 2 OP=\sqrt{4r-3r^2} .

Chew-Seong Cheong - 6 years, 9 months ago

same i had done...

Mritunjay Raj - 3 years, 1 month ago

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