Pigeonhole

Given six irrational numbers, is it possible to choose three such that the sum of any two of those three is irrational?

Credits: Portuguese Mathematics Olympiad (OPM).

No Yes

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1 solution

Tomás Carvalho
Dec 22, 2017

Let's first prove that given three irrational numbers, there are two whose sum is irrational. Let a , b a, b and c c be irrational numbers. If the sum of any two of these were rational then a + b a+b and b + c b+c would be rational and, so their difference a c a-c would be rational.On the other hand, so the sum of this with a + c a+c , which is 2 a 2a , would have to be rational. But it can't be because a a is irrational. Therefore, there are always two numbers, in three irrational numbers, whose sum is irrational. Let's now consider six irrational numbers. Let's call one of those numbers x x and divide the other five in two sets, A A made up by those whose sum with x x is irrational and B B made up by those whose sum with x x is rational. By the Pigeonhole Principle, one of the sets has at least three elements. Suppose it's A A . Then there are two numbers in A A whose sum is irrational, so the three numbers we are looking for would be these two and x x . Suppose, now, it's B. Considering the set formed by any two elements of B B and x x we conclude that any two elements of B B sum to an irrational number, so we need only choose three elements of B B .

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