If the points of the plane are each colored , or , can you always ensure that there is a pair of points of the same color with unit distance?
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Assume to the contrary that no two points separated by a unit distance have the same colour.
Draw a unit equilateral triangle A B C somewhere in the plane. Its three vertices must have different colours, so they're red, green and blue in some order. Reflect the point A in the line B C to form the new point A ′ . Then A ′ B C is also a unit equilateral triangle whose points are different colours; so A and A ′ - separated by a distance 3 - must be the same colour.
This is true for all points separated by a distance of 3 (we can always construct these two equilateral triangles).
So now we just construct a triangle with sides 3 , 3 and 1 . From the above, all three points have the same colour; but two of them are separated by a unit distance; contradiction! So we can always find such points.