Polynomial Wire Dynamics

A bead of mass m m is confined to a smooth wire in the shape of the curve y = x 4 + 3 x 3 y = x^4 + 3 x^3 . The bead experiences a constant gravitational force of m g m g in the negative y y direction. The bead begins at rest at time t = 0 t = 0 and position x = 1 x = 1 . If a ( t ) a(t) is the instantaneous magnitude of the bead's acceleration, and T T is the period of motion, determine the following integral.

I = 0 T a ( t ) d t I = \int_0^T a(t) \, dt

Details and Assumptions:

  • m = 1 m = 1
  • g = 10 g = 10


The answer is 195.9.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Sep 18, 2019

The position vector of the particle is r = ( x x 4 + 3 x 3 ) \mathbf{r} = \binom{x}{x^4 + 3x^3} and hence r ˙ = ( 1 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) x ˙ r ¨ = ( 1 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) x ¨ + ( 0 12 x 2 + 18 x ) x ˙ 2 \dot{\mathbf{r}} \; = \; \binom{1}{4x^3 + 9x^2}\dot{x} \hspace{1cm} \ddot{\mathbf{r}} \; = \; \binom{1}{4x^3 + 9x^2}\ddot{x} + \binom{0}{12x^2 + 18x}\dot{x}^2 Conservation of energy tells us that 1 2 r ˙ 2 + g ( x 4 + 3 x 3 ) = 4 g \tfrac12\big|\dot{\mathbf{r}}\big|^2 + g(x^4 + 3x^3) \; = \; 4g and hence x ˙ 2 = 2 g ( 4 3 x 3 x 4 ) 1 + ( 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) 2 \dot{x}^2 \; = \; \frac{2g(4 - 3x^3 - x^4)}{1 + (4x^3 + 9x^2)^2} and we differentiate to obtain x ¨ = d d x [ g ( 4 3 x 3 x 4 ) 1 + ( 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) 2 ] \ddot{x} \; = \; \frac{d}{dx}\left[ \frac{g(4 - 3x^3 - x^4)}{1 + (4x^3 + 9x^2)^2}\right] Thus we can obtain the magnitude of the acceleration a = r ¨ a = |\ddot{\mathbf{r}}| as a function of x x .

Solving the equation x 4 + 3 x 3 4 = 0 x^4 + 3x^3 - 4 = 0 numerically, we deduce that the particle oscillates between x = 1 x =1 and x = α = 3.130395 x=\alpha=-3.130395 . The desired integral is 0 T a ( t ) d t = 2 α 1 a ( t ) x ˙ d x = 195.982 \int_0^T|a(t)|\,dt \; = \; 2\int_\alpha^1 \frac{a(t)}{|\dot{x}|}\,dx \; = \; \boxed{195.982} after numerical integration.

Here's my approach which avoids tedious differentiation:

Since the beam is forced to move along the wire, we have: v ˙ = v ˙ T ^ + v T ^ ˙ = v ˙ T ^ + v d T ^ d s d s d t = v ˙ T ^ + v 2 d T ^ d s \begin{aligned} \dot{\vec{v}} &= \dot{v}\hat{T} + v\dot{\hat{T}} \\ &= \dot{v}\hat{T} + v\frac{d\hat{T}}{ds}\frac{ds}{dt} \\ &= \dot{v}\hat{T} + v^{2}\frac{d\hat{T}}{ds}\end{aligned} Here, v v is speed, v ˙ \dot{v} is the tangential acceleration and d T ^ d s \frac{d\hat{T}}{ds} is the curvature vector, which is normal to tangent line. If we denote θ \theta to be the angle between the tangent line and x-axis, we have: v ˙ = g sin ( θ ) = g tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ = g y 1 + y 2 d T ^ d s = κ N ^ = y ( 1 + y 2 ) 3 2 N ^ \begin{aligned} \dot{v} &= g\sin(\theta) = g\frac{\tan{\theta}}{\sqrt{1+\tan^{2}{\theta}}} = g\frac{y'}{\sqrt{1+y'^{2}}} \\ \frac{d\hat{T}}{ds} &= \kappa\hat{N} = \frac{y''}{(1+y'^{2})^{\frac{3}{2}}}\hat{N}\end{aligned} It follows that the squared magnitude of acceleration is, by Pythagorean theorem: a 2 = g 2 y 2 1 + y 2 + v 4 y 2 ( 1 + y 2 ) 3 \begin{aligned} \left \| \vec{a} \right \|^{2} &= g^{2}\frac{y'^{2}}{1+y'^{2}} + v^{4}\frac{y''^{2}}{(1+y'^{2})^{3}}\end{aligned} We can write this whole expression as a function of x x , which then becomes: a 2 = g 2 ( 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) 2 1 + ( 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) 2 + 4 g 2 ( 4 x 4 3 x 3 ) 2 ( 12 x 2 + 18 x ) 2 ( 1 + ( 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 ) 2 ) 3 = g 2 x 2 [ ( 4 x + 9 ) 2 1 + x 4 ( 4 x + 9 ) 2 + 144 ( 4 x 4 3 x 3 ) 2 ( 2 x + 3 ) 2 ( 1 + x 4 ( 4 x + 9 ) 2 ) 3 ] \begin{aligned} \left \| \vec{a} \right \|^{2} &= g^{2}\frac{(4x^{3}+9x^{2})^{2}}{1+(4x^{3}+9x^{2})^{2}} + 4g^{2}(4-x^{4}-3x^{3})^{2}\frac{(12x^{2}+18x)^{2}}{(1+(4x^{3}+9x^{2})^{2})^{3}} \\ &= g^{2}x^{2}\left[\frac{(4x+9)^{2}}{1+x^{4}(4x+9)^{2}}+144(4-x^{4}-3x^{3})^{2}\frac{(2x+3)^{2}}{(1+x^{4}(4x+9)^{2})^{3}} \right ]\end{aligned} I used the same arguments as you in the finish, but I get a slightly different result - 195.85619 - which is probably due to my imperfect method of numerical integration.

Uros Stojkovic - 1 year, 8 months ago

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