Primes in AP

Number Theory Level pending

Find all triplets of the form p 1 , n , p 2 p_1,n,p_2 where p 1 , p 2 p_1,p_2 are Twin primes and n n , their arithmetic mean is a Triangular number .

Enter your answer as sum of the solutions ( p i + n i + p 2 i ) \sum (p_i+n_i+p_{2i}) .

Explicit example : Say if you've got the solutions as ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) (1,2,3) and ( 29 , 30 , 31 ) (29,30,31) then your answer would be 1 + 2 + 3 + 29 + 30 + 31 = 96 1+2+3+29+30+31=96


The answer is 18.

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1 solution

Let the twin primes be p , p + 2 p,p+2 and their mean is p + 1 p+1 so let the mean equals T n T_n that is the n n -th triangular number,

p + 1 = n ( n + 1 ) 2 2 p + 2 = n 2 + n 2 p = n 2 + n 2 2 p = ( n 1 ) ( n + 2 ) \displaystyle \begin{aligned} p+1&=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} \\ 2p+2&=n^2+n \\ 2p&=n^2+n-2 \\ 2p&=(n-1)(n+2)\end{aligned}

Now L.H.S is a product of two primes ,so must be R.H.S ,

To check let d = ( n 1 , n + 2 ) d=(n-1,n+2) be the gcd and so d ( ( n + 2 ) ( n 1 ) ) d|\left((n+2)-(n-1)\right) which makes d 3 d|3 or d 1 d|1 . If the first is true then since 3 3 is a prime and LHS is the product of two primes we must have n 1 = 3 n-1=3 since g c d ( a , b ) m i n { a , b } gcd(a,b)\le\;min\{\ a,b\} . But this gives p = 9 p=9 which is not a prime.

So the latter must be true that is ( n 1 , n + 2 ) = 1 (n-1,n+2)=1 . Now for that we claim both of ( n 1 ) (n-1) and ( n + 2 ) (n+2) to be equal to LHS in some order and since p > 2 p>2 we have n 1 = 2 n = 3 n-1=2 \implies n=3 , p = 5 p=5 as the only solution. So ( 5 , 6 , 7 ) (5,6,7) is the only such pair and the answer is 5 + 6 + 7 = 18 \boxed{5+6+7=18}

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