Velocity to Eccentricity

Let v v be velocity at which a satellite is being projected into an elliptical trajectory, such that at apogee, it is a distance r r from earth. Let u u be the critical velocity at which the satellite must be projected at a distance r r to move in circular path. If the eccentricity of elliptical orbit is 0.44 0.44 then find the ratio of v v is to u u ?


The answer is 0.748.

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2 solutions

v = μ ( 1 + e r ) v = \sqrt{\mu (\frac{1 + e}{r})}

u = μ r u = \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{r}}

Thus,

v : u = 1 + e = 1.44 = 1.2 v : u = \sqrt{1 + e} = \sqrt{1.44} = \boxed{1.2}

Can you please provide a more detailed solution? Why are we assuming apogee only? I think it will be 1 e \sqrt{1-e} for perigee, and 1 + e \sqrt{1+e} for apogee. Am I missing something here?

Utsav Banerjee - 6 years, 1 month ago

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Apogee is farthest position. Considering elliptical path at apogee distance from earth =a(1+e). Where a is the semimajor axis. Use angular momentum conservation and energy conservation we get velocity at apogee=√(GM/a(1-e/1+e). Now critical velocity for radius corresponding to apogee is √(GM/a(1+e)). So taking ratio we get √1-e=0.748

Avadhoot Sinkar - 5 years, 1 month ago

This formula is for perigee @Athul Arun A ........did you also use the above mentioned formula

Aniket Sanghi - 5 years, 3 months ago
Oliver Piattella
Jan 6, 2017

Consider the effective potential to which the satellite is subject: U e f f = L 2 2 m x 2 G M m x , U_{\rm eff} = \frac{L^2}{2mx^2} - \frac{GMm}{x}\;, where m m is the satellite mass, M M is the Earth mass, G G is Newton's gravitational constant, x x is the distance from Earth and L L is the satellite angular momentum, which is a constant of the motion.

The minimum of this potential corresponds to the circular motion. Therefore, for a circular motion of radius r r we need an angular momentum: L c i r c 2 = G M m 2 r L_{\rm circ}^2 = GMm^2r

Negative values of U e f f U_{\rm eff} correspond to an elliptic motion, with perigee and apogee given by the solutions of the following equation: x 2 G M m E x + L 2 2 m E = 0 , x^2 - \frac{GMm}{|E|}x + \frac{L^2}{2m|E|}=0\;, where E < 0 E<0 is the total mechanical energy of the satellite. The solutions of the above equation are: x A , P = G M m 2 E ( 1 ± 1 2 L 2 E G 2 M 2 m 3 ) . x_{\rm A,P} = \frac{GMm}{2|E|}\left(1 \pm \sqrt{1 - \frac{2L^2|E|}{G^2M^2m^3}}\right)\;. Now, since the apogee and eccentricity are given: x A = r , x_{\rm A} = r\;, and e = x A x P x A + x P = 0.44 , e = \frac{x_{\rm A} - x_{\rm P}}{x_{\rm A} + x_{\rm P}} = 0.44\;, we can solve for the energy and the angular momentum, finding E = 0.72 G M m r , |E| = \frac{0.72GMm}{r}\;, and L e l l 2 = 0.56 G M m 2 r . L_{\rm ell}^2=0.56GMm^2r\;. Since the angular momentum is conserved, then v u = L e l l L c i r c = 0.56 0.748 \frac{v}{u} = \frac{L_{\rm ell}}{L_{\rm circ}} = \sqrt{0.56} \approx \boxed{0.748}

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