Derya claims that he proved that i = 0 using Euler's formula. Which step contains his first mistake?
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: e i x i x i i i i i = cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) = ln ( cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) ) = x ln ( cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) ) = 2 π ln ( cos ( 2 π ) + i sin ( 2 π ) ) = 2 π ln ( 1 ) = 2 π 0 = 0
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The complex logarithm is multi-valued, since e z = e z + 2 n π i for any integer n . Assuming equality in Step 2 is therefore unwarranted.
It is customary to define ln z = a + b i in such a way that − π < b ≤ π ; with this definition it is true that ln 1 = 0 . However, by sustituting x = 2 π , Derya essentially concludes that e 0 = e 2 π i ∴ 0 = 2 π i , which is invalid.
The correct derivation would be:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: e i x i x i i i i i = cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) = ln ( cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) ) + 2 π i k for some integer k = x ln ( cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) ) + 2 π i k or x = 0 , k = 0 = 2 π ln ( cos ( 2 π ) + i sin ( 2 π ) ) + 2 π i k = 2 π ln ( 1 ) + 2 π i k = 2 π 0 + 2 π i k = i k .