Random Integers Sum or Difference

Suppose I start picking random integers (could be both positive or negative) and put them into a set. How many integers do I need to pick to GUARANTEE that in my set there exists a pair of integers where either their sum or difference is a multiple of 10?

6 7 5 10

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1 solution

Zico Quintina
Jun 26, 2018

We will try to find a largest set of integers, such that no pair has either a sum or a difference that is a multiple of 10. To do this, consider Z / 10 Z \mathbb{Z}/10\mathbb{Z} , the integers modulo 10; rather than the usual coset representation, we will use Z / 10 Z = { - 4 , - 3 , - 2 , - 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } \mathbb{Z}/10\mathbb{Z} = \left\{ \overline{\text{-}4}, \overline{\text{-}3}, \overline{\text{-}2}, \overline{\text{-}1}, \overline{0}, \overline{1}, \overline{2}, \overline{3}, \overline{4}, \overline{5} \right\} .

[In simple terms, we are partitioning the set of integers into ten sets, based on their residues or remainders when they are divided by 10. Any two integers a a and b b are members of the same coset iff a b a - b is an integer multiple of 10. For example, 2, 52, -8 and -28 are all members of 2 \overline{2} , because the difference of any two of those numbers is a multiple of 10; similarly, -3, -43, 7 and 67 are all members of - 3 \overline{\text{-}3} .]

We group the cosets as follows: A = { 0 } , B = { 5 } , C = { 1 , - 1 } , D = { 2 , - 2 } , E = { 3 , - 3 } A = \left\{ \overline{0} \right\}, B = \left\{ \overline{5} \right\}, C = \left\{ \overline{1}, \overline{\text{-}1} \right\}, D = \left\{ \overline{2}, \overline{\text{-}2} \right\}, E = \left\{ \overline{3}, \overline{\text{-}3} \right\} and F = { 4 , - 4 } F = \left\{ \overline{4}, \overline{\text{-}4} \right\}

First, by the very definition of the cosets, two integers will only have a difference of a multiple of 10 if they are members of the same coset; so if we choose at most one integer from each coset we will avoid any difference of a multiple of 10.

Next, it is easy to see that one integer in 0 \overline{0} will only form a sum of a multiple of 10 with another member of 0 \overline{0} ; the same can be said for members of 5 \overline{5} . Also, an integer in 1 \overline{1} will only form a sum of a multiple of 10 with a member of - 1 \overline{\text{-}1} , an integer in 2 \overline{2} will only form a sum of a multiple of 10 with a member of - 2 \overline{\text{-}2} , etc.

Thus as long as we only take one integer from each of the coset groups A , B , C , D , E A, B, C, D, E and F F , we can avoid any sums or differences that are multiples of 10, but if we take more than one integer from any one of the groups we will guarantee a sum or difference of a multiple of 10.

Therefore a set of integers can have at most six elements in order to avoid a sum or difference of a multiple of 10, which means that to guarantee either a sum or difference of a multiple of 10, a set would have to contain a minimum of seven \boxed{\text{seven}} integers.

P.S. I am very unused to expressing myself in the language of quotient groups, cosets, etc, so any suggestions on how I could improve any of the phrasing used here would be welcome and appreciated.

Can you provide an example of a set of six numbers where no two either have a sum or difference that is divisible by 10?

Geoff Pilling - 2 years, 8 months ago

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@Geoff Pilling Sir, does the set containing 0,1,2,3,4,5 work??

Aaghaz Mahajan - 2 years, 6 months ago

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