For some complex number , find the value of the expression above.
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You can show that the minimum of max ( ∣ 1 + z ∣ , ∣ 1 + z 2 ∣ ) occurs on either ∣ 1 + z ∣ = ∣ 1 + z 2 ∣ or ∣ z ∣ = 1 (look at the local extrema of ∣ 1 + z ∣ , ∣ 1 + z 2 ∣ in the unit disk). In fact, the minimum occurs on ∣ 1 + z ∣ = ∣ 1 + z 2 ∣ , ∣ z ∣ ≤ 1 (you can maybe show this with the Maximum Modulus principle, I'm not sure). Anyway, so we want
min 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 , ∣ 1 + z ∣ = ∣ 1 + z 2 ∣ 1 + 2 r cos ( θ ) + r 2 .
where we wrote z = r e i θ . The constraint ∣ 1 + z ∣ = ∣ 1 + z 2 ∣ reduces to a quadratic in cos θ (whose coefficients involve r ), and we choose the solution with the minus sign (because the one with the plus sign is ≥ 2 ). So we want
min 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 r 2 + 2 1 ( 1 − − 4 r 4 + 1 2 r 2 + 1 ) + 1 .
Taking the derivative and setting it to zero, we get − 4 r 4 + 1 2 r 2 + 1 = 3 − 2 r 2 , so equivalently we want to minimize 2 r 2 where − 4 r 4 + 1 2 r 2 − ( 3 − 2 r 2 ) 2 + 1 = 0 , r = 0 , r = 1 . We get the minimum is 3 − 5 .