Recursive sequence and floor function in 2019!

Algebra Level 4

Given the sequence a n a_n recursively defined by a n + 1 = 2 cos π 2 1 a n , a 1 = 1. \large a_{n+1}= 2 \cos{\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{2}}} -\frac{1}{a_n}, \quad\quad a_1=1. Find the value a 2019 . \lfloor a_{2019}\rfloor.

Note. The symbol a \lfloor a \rfloor represents the floor of a , a, that is, the greatest integer that is less than or equal to a . a.


The answer is 2.

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2 solutions

Arturo Presa
Feb 14, 2019

Let us assume that there is a sequence b n , b_n, such that b n 0 b_n \neq 0 and a n = b n b n 1 a_n=\frac{b_n}{b_{n-1}} for all n . n. By substituting a n a_n by b n b n 1 \frac{b_n}{b_{n-1}} into the given recursive relation, we obtain that b n b_n must satisfy b n + 1 = 2 cos π 2 b n b n 1 . b_{n+1}= 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{\sqrt 2 }b_n- b_{n-1}. Let us also assume that b 0 = b 1 = 1 , b_0=b_1=1, such that a 1 = b 1 b 0 = 1. a_1=\frac{b_1}{b_{0}}=1. Then the sequence b n b_n is a sequence defined by the given linear recursion. The characteristic polynomial of the linear recurrence is r 2 2 cos π 2 + 1 , r^2-2 \cos \frac{\pi}{\sqrt 2 }+1, with complex zeros cos π 2 ± i sin π 2 . \cos \frac{\pi}{\sqrt 2 }\pm i \sin \frac{\pi}{\sqrt 2 }. Therefore, b n = c 1 cos ( n π 2 ) + c 2 sin ( n π 2 ) . b_n= c_1 \cos {(n \frac{\pi}{\sqrt 2 })}+ c_2 \sin {(n \frac{\pi}{\sqrt 2 })}. Using the given values of b 0 b_0 and b 1 , b_1, to find the values of c 1 c_1 and c 2 , c_2, and transforming the expression a bit, we obtain that b n = sec π 2 2 cos ( π 2 2 ( 1 2 n ) ) . b_n=\sec{\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{2}}} \cos {(\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{2}}(1-2n))}. Now it is not difficult to see that b n 0 b_n\neq 0 for any value of n , n, because the argument of the cosine function wont be an integer multiple of π \pi ever. So, a n = b n b n 1 = cos ( π 2 2 ( 1 2 n ) ) cos ( π 2 2 ( 3 2 n ) ) . a_n= \frac{b_n}{b_{n-1}}= \frac {\cos {(\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{2}}(1-2n)})}{\cos {(\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{2}}(3-2n)})}. Using this formula, we obtain that a 2019 = 2.20106 , a_{2019} =2.20106, and, therefore, a 2019 = 2 . \lfloor a_{2019} \rfloor=\boxed{2}.

That's a very clever substitution! It also (incidentally) shows that the sequence a n a_n is unbounded, which is perhaps surprising.

Chris Lewis - 2 years, 3 months ago

Thank you, Chris, for you comment!

Arturo Presa - 2 years, 3 months ago

So the main key is that substitution, right?

Maalav Mehta - 2 years, 2 months ago

Yes, Maalav!

Arturo Presa - 2 years, 1 month ago

By direct evaluation 2.20106122839546 \approx 2.20106122839546 .

By direct evaluation, do you mean using a computer program?

Arturo Presa - 2 years, 3 months ago

Wolfram Mathematica 11.3.

A Former Brilliant Member - 2 years, 3 months ago

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