We call a positive integer to be reversible if and are 2-digit and 3-digit integers, respectively, such that if we reverse the digits of the numbers and in the equation to form a different equation, then this new equation will still hold true.
The above equations illustrate that 13 and 31 are both reversible numbers. How many other reversible numbers are there?
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Let the positive integer n = a b be the 2-digit number, we have that:
{ ( a b ) 2 = c d e ( b a ) 2 = e d c
When rewritten algebraically, it is:
{ ( 1 0 a + b ) 2 = 1 0 0 c + 1 0 d + e ( 1 0 b + a ) 2 = 1 0 0 e + 1 0 d + c
{ 1 0 0 a 2 + 2 0 a b + b 2 = 1 0 0 c + 1 0 d + e 1 0 0 b 2 + 2 0 a b + a 2 = 1 0 0 e + 1 0 d + c
Switch all terms to the left side
{ 1 0 0 ( a 2 − c ) + 1 0 ( 2 a b − d ) + ( b 2 − e ) = 0 1 0 0 ( b 2 − e ) + 1 0 ( 2 a b − d ) + ( a 2 − c ) = 0
We can see a correspondence between two equations, that is:
1 0 0 ( a 2 − c ) = 1 0 0 ( b 2 − e ) so therefore a 2 − c = b 2 − e ( a − b ) ( a + b ) = c − e
Now, a and b are integers only if a + b + a − b = 2 a is equal to an even number. This is because when we solve for such system of equation:
{ a − b = . . . a + b = . . .
Adding those two equations lend us 2 a = . . . . and for a ( therefore b ) to be an integer, the number must be even.
So we go ahead and find all possible solutions such that for digits c − e is an odd prime, or that when factored out ( exclusive of 1 × i t s e l f ) are expressible as a product of two even numbers.
There's also another fact: n 2 ≤ 9 9 9 ⇒ n ≤ 3 1 since we need n 2 to have 3-digits at max.
We can see that ( a , b ) = ( 2 , 1 ) is the only solution i.e n = 1 2 , 2 1
So there are two more numbers that are reversible