Reversing digits in an equation

Algebra Level 3

13 × 13 = 169 31 × 31 = 961 \begin{aligned} 13 \times 13& =& 169 \\ 31 \times 31 &=& 961 \end{aligned}

We call a positive integer n n to be reversible if n n and n 2 n^2 are 2-digit and 3-digit integers, respectively, such that if we reverse the digits of the numbers n n and n 2 n^2 in the equation n × n = n 2 n \times n = n^2 to form a different equation, then this new equation will still hold true.

The above equations illustrate that 13 and 31 are both reversible numbers. How many other reversible numbers are there?

0 2 4 6 8

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1 solution

Vu Vincent
Aug 18, 2017

Let the positive integer n = a b n = \overline{ab} be the 2-digit number, we have that:

{ ( a b ) 2 = c d e ( b a ) 2 = e d c \begin{cases} (\overline { ab } )^{ 2 }=\overline { cde } \\ (\overline { ba } )^{ 2 }=\overline { edc } \end{cases}

When rewritten algebraically, it is:

{ ( 10 a + b ) 2 = 100 c + 10 d + e ( 10 b + a ) 2 = 100 e + 10 d + c \begin{cases} (10a+b)^{ 2 }=100c + 10d + e \\ (10b+a )^{ 2 }= 100e+10d+c \end{cases}

{ 100 a 2 + 20 a b + b 2 = 100 c + 10 d + e 100 b 2 + 20 a b + a 2 = 100 e + 10 d + c \begin{cases} 100a^2 + 20ab + b^2 = 100c + 10d + e \\ 100b^2 + 20ab +a^2 = 100e+10d+c \end{cases}

Switch all terms to the left side

{ 100 ( a 2 c ) + 10 ( 2 a b d ) + ( b 2 e ) = 0 100 ( b 2 e ) + 10 ( 2 a b d ) + ( a 2 c ) = 0 \begin{cases} 100(a^2 - c) + 10(2ab-d) + (b^2-e) = 0 \\ 100(b^2 - e) + 10(2ab - d)+(a^2-c) = 0 \end{cases}

We can see a correspondence between two equations, that is:

100 ( a 2 c ) = 100 ( b 2 e ) 100(a^2 - c) = 100(b^2 - e) so therefore a 2 c = b 2 e a^2-c = b^2-e ( a b ) ( a + b ) = c e (a-b)(a+b) = c-e

Now, a a and b b are integers only if a + b + a b = 2 a a+b+a-b = 2a is equal to an even number. This is because when we solve for such system of equation:

{ a b = . . . a + b = . . . \begin{cases} a-b=... \\ a+b = ... \end{cases}

Adding those two equations lend us 2 a = . . . . 2a = .... and for a a ( therefore b b ) to be an integer, the number must be even.

So we go ahead and find all possible solutions such that for digits c e c-e is an odd prime, or that when factored out ( exclusive of 1 × i t s e l f 1\times itself ) are expressible as a product of two even numbers.

There's also another fact: n 2 999 n 31 n^2 \le 999 \Rightarrow n \le 31 since we need n 2 n^2 to have 3-digits at max.

We can see that ( a , b ) = ( 2 , 1 ) (a,b) = (2,1) is the only solution i.e n = 12 , 21 \boxed{n = 12 , 21}

So there are two more numbers that are reversible

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