I was boarding an aircraft that charged $10 for every kilogram that the luggage was overweight!
If a 20kg bag was charged $30, how much would a 40kg bag be charged?
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We can see that the 20 kg luggage was overweight already.
The 40 kg luggage is heavier by 40 - 20 = 20 kg.
Therefore, we have to pay more, by 20 kg × $10/kg = $200.
Hence, the total charge for this 40 kg luggage is:
30 + 200 = $ 2 3 0
It is also easy to see, that the maximum "normal" weight (still no overweight charge) is:
20 - 30 ÷ 3 = 20 - 3 = 17 kg.