Triangle Complex Strike Again

Algebra Level pending

For some positive real number c , c, the three complex roots of the equation x 3 + c x + 1 = 0 x^3+cx+1=0 form a triangle of area 3 25 109 . \frac{3}{25}\sqrt{109}. If c c can be expressed as a b \frac{a}{b} for coprime positive integers a a and b , b, what is a + b ? a+b?


The answer is 161.

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1 solution

Calvin Lin Staff
May 13, 2014

For every positive c c the function f ( x ) = x 3 + c x + 1 f(x)=x^3+cx+1 is increasing, so it has exactly one real zero. Because f ( 0 ) = 1 > 0 , f(0)=1>0, it is negative, let's call it u , -u, for some positive real u u . Then the other two zeroes of f ( x ) f(x) are complex conjugates of each other: v + w i v+wi and v w i , v-wi, where v v and w w are real numbers, w > 0. w>0.

By the Vieta's formula, the product of these three roots is 1 , -1, therefore ( v + w i ) ( v w i ) ( u ) = 1 , (v+wi)\cdot (v-wi)\cdot (-u) =-1, thus v 2 + w 2 = 1 u . v^2+w^2=\frac{1}{u}. By the Vieta's formula, the sum of the roots is zero, so u + 2 v = 0 , -u+2v=0, thus v = 1 2 u . v=\frac{1}{2}u. Therefore, w = 1 u u 2 4 = 4 u u 4 2 u w=\sqrt{\frac{1}{u}-\frac{u^2}{4}}=\frac{\sqrt{4u-u^4}}{2u}

Note that since c > 0 , c>0, f ( 1 ) = c < 0 , f(-1)=-c<0, so 0 < u < 1. 0<u<1.

The area of the triangle formed by the roots equals ( u + v ) w . (u+v)\cdot w. This simplifies to 3 4 4 u u 4 . \frac{3}{4}\sqrt{4u-u^4}. So, 3 4 4 u u 4 = 3 25 109 , \frac{3}{4}\sqrt{4u-u^4}=\frac{3}{25}\sqrt{109}, therefore 4 u u 4 = 16 109 5 4 . 4u-u^4=\frac{16\cdot 109}{5^4}. Using the Rational Root theorem, we can guess u = 4 5 . u=\frac{4}{5}. This is the only solution for 0 < u < 1 , 0<u<1, because 4 u u 4 4u-u^4 is increasing on this interval (this is easy to check by its derivative).

Finally, by the Vieta's formula c = ( u ) 2 v + ( v 2 + w 2 ) = u 2 + 1 u = 16 25 + 5 4 = 61 100 c=(-u)\cdot 2v + (v^2+w^2)=-u^2+\frac{1}{u}=-\frac{16}{25}+\frac{5}{4}=\frac{61}{100} Therefore, a + b = 61 + 100 = 161. a+b=61+100=161.

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