Rooting for oneself?

Algebra Level 2

Which of the following has the greatest value? Try to answer without using a calculator!


Note: y x \sqrt[x]{y} denotes the x th x^\text{th} power root of y : y: i.e. y x = y 1 / x \sqrt[x]{y} = y^{1/x} .


Inspiration .

2 2 \Large \sqrt[2]{2} 3 3 \Large \sqrt[3]{3} 4 4 \Large \sqrt[4]{4} 5 5 \Large \sqrt[5]{5}

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3 solutions

Arjen Vreugdenhil
Jan 26, 2017

First, compare 2 2 \sqrt[2]{2} and 3 3 \sqrt[3]{3} by raising each to the sixth power: ( 2 2 ) 6 = 2 3 = 8 ; ( 3 3 ) 6 = 3 2 = 9 ; since 8 < 9 , 2 2 < 3 3 . (\sqrt[2]{2})^6 = 2^3 = 8;\ \ (\sqrt[3]{3})^6 = 3^2 = 9;\ \ \text{since}\ 8 < 9,\ \sqrt[2]{2} < \sqrt[3]{3}. Next, compare 3 3 \sqrt[3]{3} and 4 4 \sqrt[4]{4} by raising each to the twelfth power: ( 3 3 ) 12 = 3 4 = 81 ; ( 4 4 ) 12 = 4 3 = 64 ; since 81 > 64 , 3 3 > 4 4 . (\sqrt[3]{3})^{12} = 3^4 = 81;\ \ (\sqrt[4]{4})^{12} = 4^3 = 64;\ \ \text{since}\ 81 > 64,\ \sqrt[3]{3} > \sqrt[4]{4}. (Or save yourself some work by noticing 2 2 = 4 4 \sqrt[2]{2} = \sqrt[4]{4} .)

Finally, compare 3 3 \sqrt[3]{3} and 5 5 \sqrt[5]{5} by raising each to the fifteenth power: ( 3 3 ) 15 = 3 5 = 243 ; ( 5 5 ) 15 = 5 3 = 125 ; since 243 > 125 , 3 3 > 5 5 . (\sqrt[3]{3})^{15} = 3^5 = 243;\ \ (\sqrt[5]{5})^{15} = 5^3 = 125;\ \ \text{since}\ 243 > 125,\ \sqrt[3]{3} > \sqrt[5]{5}.

Thus 3 3 \boxed{\sqrt[3]{3}} is the biggest of the bunch.

I "cheated" and looked at the function y = x 1 x y = x^{\frac{1}{x}} , finding its derivative to be

y = x 1 x 2 ( 1 ln ( x ) ) y' = x^{\frac{1}{x} - 2}(1 - \ln(x)) .

The critical point ln ( x ) = 1 x = e \ln(x) = 1 \Longrightarrow x = e yields a maximum for y y of e 1 e \large e^{\frac{1}{e}} , and the nearest integer to e e is 3 3 , making it a pretty good bet.

Brian Charlesworth - 4 years, 4 months ago

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That was my original solution, before I found the more elementary one that I posted. If you look at the logarithm, y = ln x x y = \dfrac{\ln x}x , the derivative will be easier to work with.

To improve the "pretty good bet", note that for 2 < x < 4 2 < x < 4 , x x > 2 2 = 4 4 \sqrt[x]{x} > \sqrt[2]{2} = \sqrt[4]{4} because the function is concave on that entire interval.

Arjen Vreugdenhil - 4 years, 4 months ago

2 root 2 and 4 root 4 are the same ;)

Mani Mohan Madasu - 3 years, 1 month ago

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That is why I wrote:

(Or save yourself some work by noticing 2 2 = 4 4 \sqrt[2]{2} = \sqrt[4]{4} .)

Arjen Vreugdenhil - 3 years, 1 month ago

Let f ( x ) = x 1 x f(x)=x^\frac{1}{x} We need to compare f ( 2 ) , f ( 3 ) , f ( 4 ) , f ( 5 ) f(2), f(3) , f(4) , f(5)

ln ( f ( x ) ) = ln ( x ) x \ln(f(x))=\frac{\ln(x)}{x} Differentiating, f ( x ) f ( x ) = x / x ln ( x ) x 2 \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)}=\frac{x/x-\ln(x)}{x^2}

For maximum, f ( x ) = 0 f'(x)=0

1 ln ( x ) = 0 1-\ln(x)=0

So maximum value of f ( x ) f(x) is at x = e x=e

So, we can for sure say that f(3)>f(4)>f(5) so we need to only compare f(2) and f(3).

If you do not want to compare, just see that 3 is much closer to e e than 2. This does not work always so better to check but the answer is 3

You can compare the f(2) and f(3) cases without using a calculator as follows -

The cube of the square root of two is 2 2 2 \sqrt 2 which is less than 2 × 1.5 = 3 2 \times 1.5=3 . So the cube root of 3 must be greater than the square root of two.

Peter Macgregor - 4 years, 4 months ago

f'(x) =0 is a critical point, would want to include that f''(e)=-1/e^3 to complete the justification of a maximum. Or a similar 1st derivative test argument would do.

Brian Kelly - 4 years, 4 months ago

Dude, f(2) = f(4). The heck are you doing?

Jatin Sharma - 4 years, 3 months ago
Adam Hufstetler
Jan 31, 2017

First, convert each radical to its fractional exponent form:

2 2 = 2 1 2 \sqrt[2]{2} = 2^{\frac{1}{2}}
3 3 = 3 1 3 \sqrt[3]{3} = 3^{\frac{1}{3}}
4 4 = 4 1 4 \sqrt[4]{4} = 4^{\frac{1}{4}}
5 5 = 5 1 5 \sqrt[5]{5} = 5^{\frac{1}{5}}

Now compare 2 1 2 2^{\frac{1}{2}} and 4 1 4 4^{\frac{1}{4}} . With some simplification you can notice that they are equal.

2 1 2 = 4 1 4 2^{\frac{1}{2}}=4^{\frac{1}{4}}

Now compare 3 1 3 3^{\frac{1}{3}} and 5 1 5 5^{\frac{1}{5}} . Notice that 3 3 3^3 and 5 2 5^2 are almost equal. We can use this fact to compare the two values.

Let x = 3 1 3 x=3^{\frac{1}{3}} and y = 5 1 5 y=5^{\frac{1}{5}} . This means x 9 = 3 3 x^9=3^3 and y 10 = 5 2 y^{10}=5^2 . As x 9 x^9 and y 10 y^{10} are now almost equal, it is clear that x > y x>y as x x has a smaller exponent. Therefore,

3 1 3 > 5 1 5 3^{\frac{1}{3}}>5^{\frac{1}{5}} .

Now you could compare 2 1 2 2^{\frac{1}{2}} and 3 1 3 3^{\frac{1}{3}} , however each answer choice only contains one option so it is clear that the answer must be 3 1 3 \boxed{3^{\frac{1}{3}}} as 2 1 2 = 4 1 4 2^{\frac{1}{2}}=4^{\frac{1}{4}} .

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