a ∈ Ψ ∑ a 3 1 = − A ζ ( B ) − γ C − E γ π D
The above equation, where Ψ denotes all the roots of digamma function , holds true for positive integers A , B , C , D , and E with B being an odd integer. Find A + B + C + D + E .
Notation : γ denotes the Euler-Mascheroni constant , γ ≈ 0 . 5 7 7 2 .
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How did you calculate the taylor series? I needed WA for that since my method was so tedious.
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Calculating the series expansion of Γ ( z ) is, as you say, long, and tedious. Wikipedia helpfully gives the explicit expansion up to terms in z 2 , (exactly what we want!). The series expansion ψ ( z ) = − z 1 − γ + n = 2 ∑ ∞ ( − 1 ) n ζ ( n ) z n − 1 is standard, and putting the two together is straightforward. Even simpler was plugging
Series[PolyGamma[0,z]/Gamma[z],{z,0,3}]
into Mathematica (which I did afterwards!).
If you forced me to do it by hand, I would integrate the formula for ψ ( z ) , obtaining ln Γ ( z ) = − ln z − γ z + n = 2 ∑ ∞ ( − 1 ) n n ζ ( n ) z n (since z Γ ( z ) = Γ ( z + 1 ) tends to 1 as z → 0 , the constant of integration is zero), and hence Γ ( z ) = z 1 e − γ z n = 2 ∏ ∞ e ( − 1 ) n n 1 ζ ( n ) z n Taking the first two terms of the product and expanding them together with e − γ z will give the expansion of Γ ( z ) up to terms in z 2 .
before diving into this solution give a read to
this
. from here we have two easy to derive identities
∑
a
k
−
2
=
γ
2
+
2
π
2
,
∑
a
k
2
−
a
k
z
1
=
z
−
ψ
(
z
)
ψ
′
(
z
)
+
ψ
(
z
)
+
2
γ
subtracting the first from the second and dividing by z
∑
a
k
3
−
a
k
2
z
1
=
z
2
−
ψ
(
z
)
ψ
′
(
z
)
+
ψ
(
z
)
+
2
γ
−
z
(
γ
2
+
2
π
2
)
∑
a
k
3
1
=
z
→
0
lim
z
2
−
ψ
(
z
)
ψ
′
(
z
)
+
ψ
(
z
)
+
2
γ
−
z
(
γ
2
+
2
π
2
)
we can use laurent series(easy to derive by taking deravatives and setting it in the taylor series)
ψ
(
x
)
=
−
x
1
−
γ
+
ζ
(
2
)
x
−
ζ
(
3
)
x
2
+
O
(
x
3
)
to solve the limit. now this is very tedious to do by hand so i used my favourite math engine to just do it all at once. we have
or in our case
∑
a
k
3
1
=
−
4
ζ
(
3
)
−
γ
3
−
2
γ
π
2
and the answer follows.
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We use the identity F ( z ) = Γ ( z ) ψ ( z ) = − e − 2 γ z α ∈ Ψ ∏ ( 1 − α z ) e α z , which is valid for all z ∈ C , to deduce that F ( z ) F ( ω z ) F ( ω 2 z ) = − α ∈ Ψ ∏ ( 1 − α 3 z 3 ) = − 1 + ( α ∈ Ψ ∑ α 3 1 ) z 3 + ⋯ where ω = e 3 2 π i is a primitive cube root of unity. Standard results tell us that F ( z ) = − 1 − 2 γ z + 4 1 ( π 2 − 6 γ 2 ) z 2 − 3 1 ( 2 γ 3 − γ π 2 + 4 ζ ( 3 ) ) z 3 + ⋯ and hence it is easy to show that F ( z ) F ( ω z ) F ( ω 2 z ) = − 1 − ( γ 3 + 2 1 γ π 2 + 4 ζ ( 3 ) ) z 3 + ⋯ so that α ∈ Ψ ∑ α 3 1 = − 4 ζ ( 3 ) − γ 3 − 2 1 γ π 2 making the answer 4 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 = 1 4 .