( 2 1 + 5 ) 1 6 + ( 2 1 − 5 ) 1 6
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Let a = ( 2 1 + 5 ) , b = ( 2 1 − 5 ) then a + b = 1 and a b = − 1 next a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 = 1 therefore a 2 + b 2 = − 1 doing this step many times we'll get the answer a 1 6 + b 1 6 = 2 2 0 7
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By Binet's formula for Lucas numbers, ϕ n + ( 1 − ϕ ) n = L n where L n is the n th Lucas number. Therefore we are looking for L 1 6 . L 1 6 = 2 2 0 7 If you are unfamiliar with the Lucas numbers, here is the basic definition: L 1 = 1 , L 2 = 3 , L n = L n − 1 + L n − 2 In other words, the first two numbers are 1 and 3 , and every number after that is the sum of the previous two numbers. They are very closely related to the much more popular Fibonacci sequence, and you can even calculate L n by adding F n − 1 + F n + 1 .