Given a regular dodecahedron of unit edge length, find the shortest distance on the surface of the dodecahedron between two opposite vertices. If the distance is then find .
Hint: Unfold (unwrap) the faces of the dodecahedron, then apply the Law of Cosines.
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The following animation illustrates unfolding of the faces of the dodecahedron.
The last frame from above is repeated below with the distance d as one side of the triangle, the other two sides are of lengths 2 h and 1 where h is the altitude of the pentagonal face, and the angle between these two sides is 5 4 ∘ + 1 0 8 ∘ .
The altitude of a unit edge length pentagon is h = sin ( 1 0 8 ∘ ) + sin ( 1 0 8 ∘ − 7 2 ∘ ) = 1 . 5 3 8 8 4 1 7 6 9
Applying the Law of Cosines, the required distance is
d = ( 2 h ) 2 + 1 − 4 h cos ( 5 4 ∘ + 1 0 8 ∘ ) = 4 . 0 4 0 5 7 3 9 5 9 , which makes the answer 4 0 4 0 .