Evaluate
Please don't use any type of mathematical tool.
Thanks in advance if your are posting the solution.
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I am presenting 2 approaches to this problem, it's upto the reader which one to follow.
Approach 1
Let I = ∫ 0 1 ( x + 1 ) x 3 + x 2 + x 1 − x d x . Now multilplying up and down by x + 1 and dividing by x 2 results in I = − ∫ 0 1 ( x + x 1 + 2 ) x + x 1 + 1 1 − x 2 1 d x
Now letting u = x + x 1 transforms the integral to I = ∫ 2 ∞ ( u + 2 ) u + 1 d u
Now the substitution u + 1 = t 2 makes I = 2 ∫ 3 ∞ 1 + t 2 d t which is simply 2 ( tan − 1 ∞ − tan − 1 3 ) = 2 ( 2 π − 3 π ) = 3 π .
Approach 2
Let x = tan 2 θ , and therefore d x = 2 tan θ sec 2 θ , we get
I = 2 ∫ 0 4 π 1 + tan 2 θ + tan 4 θ 1 − tan 2 θ d θ = 2 ∫ 0 4 π sin 4 θ + sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ cos 2 θ d θ = 2 ∫ 0 4 π ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) 2 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ cos 2 θ d θ = 2 ∫ 0 4 π 1 − ( 2 sin 2 θ ) 2 cos 2 θ d θ = 2 ∫ 0 2 1 1 − u 2 d u via 2 sin 2 θ = u = 2 sin − 1 u ] 0 2 1 = 2 sin − 1 ( 2 1 ) = 3 π