"Slices" of Pi

3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399...

During Pi Day, your teacher shared a file of the first 1,000,000 digits of Pi.

For fun, you performed a full-text search for the string "2017" and you were surprised to see the number of times it shows up in the 1,000,000 digits of Pi.

Which of the following answers represents the closest estimate of how many times you should find the string "2017" in the first 1,000,000 digits of Pi?

(Hint: Check out http://www.piday.org/million/ to test your guess.)

500 100 10,000 5,000 1,000

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2 solutions

Tj Evert
Mar 23, 2017

Pi is a "normal number" - that is, the digits from 0-9 are distributed uniformly through its decimal expansion. Put differently, the digit 2 should appears roughly 10% of the time in the decimal expansion of Pi, or roughly 100,000 times in our 1,000,000 digit sample.

Following that logic:

1) the string "20" should appear about 1% of the 2-digit sequences, or 10,000 times in our 1,000,000 digit sample

2) the string "201" should appear about 0.1% of the 3-digit sequences, or 1,000 times in our 1,000,000 digit sample

3) the string "2017" should appear about 0.01% of the 4-digit sequences, or 100 times in our 1,000,000 digit sample

So, the answer should be closest to 100 . In fact, the string "2017" shows up exactly 101 times in the 1,000,000 digits of Pi.

Can you point to the recent literature that proved π \pi is normal? I know it's conjectured to be normal, but last I knew, we didn't have a proof of its normality.

Brian Moehring - 4 years, 2 months ago
Marta Reece
Mar 23, 2017

Given that all digits are uniformly distributed in the decimal expansion of π \pi , any particular sequence of four digits should on average appear once out 10 , 000 10,000 such sequences.

In 1 , 000 , 000 1,000,000 , there are 1 , 000 , 000 3 1,000,000-3 of these sequences, since they can start with any digit other than the last three.

The problem only looks for an approximate answer, so 999 , 997 10 , 000 100 \frac{999,997}{10,000}\approx100 .

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