Smallest n n

Number Theory Level pending

( 2 2 1 ) ( 3 2 1 ) ( 4 2 1 ) . . . ( n 2 1 ) \large (2^2-1)(3^2-1)(4^2-1)...(n^2-1)

What is the smallest value of n n for which the product above is a perfect square?

2 8 5 9 7

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1 solution

P = ( 2 2 1 ) ( 3 2 1 ) ( 4 2 1 ) . . . ( n 2 1 ) = k = 2 n ( k 2 1 ) = k = 2 n ( k 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = k = 2 n ( k 1 ) k = 2 n ( k + 1 ) = j = 1 n 1 j k = 3 n + 1 k = 1 × 2 × ( k = 3 n 1 k 2 ) n ( n + 1 ) \begin{aligned} P & = (2^2-1)(3^2-1)(4^2-1)...(n^2-1) \\ & = \prod_{k=2}^n \left(k^2-1\right) \\ & = \prod_{k=2}^n \left(k-1\right) \left(k+1\right) \\ & = \prod_{k=2}^n \left(k-1\right) \prod_{k=2}^n \left(k+1\right) \\ & = \prod_{j=1}^{n-1} j \prod_{k=3}^{n+1} k \\ & = 1 \times 2 \times \left( \prod_{k=3}^{n-1} k^2 \right) n (n+1) \end{aligned}

For P P to be a perfect square, 2 n ( n + 1 ) 2n(n+1) must be a perfect square. Since 2 n ( n + 1 ) 2n(n+1) is even, we can assume that:

2 n ( n + 1 ) = ( 2 m ) 2 where m is a positive integer. n ( n + 1 ) = 2 m 2 Again, LHS is even; let n = 2 p 2 p ( 2 p + 1 ) = 2 m 2 p ( 2 p + 1 ) = m 2 when p = 4 4 ( 9 ) = 6 2 p = 4 the smallest solution. n = 2 p = 8 \begin{aligned} 2n(n+1) & = (2{\color{#3D99F6}m})^2 & \small \color{#3D99F6} \text{where }m \text{ is a positive integer.} \\ n(n+1) & = 2m^2 & \small \color{#3D99F6} \text{Again, LHS is even; let }n=2p \\ 2p(2p+1) & = 2m^2 \\ p(2p+1) & = m^2 & \small \color{#3D99F6} \text{when }p=4 \\ 4(9) & = 6^2 \\ \implies p & = 4 & \small \color{#3D99F6} \text{the smallest solution.} \\ \implies n & = 2p = \boxed{8} \end{aligned}

Yes, true, I believe that is the only way to solve it, maybe.

Hana Wehbi - 4 years, 3 months ago

What a solution (+1)

Kushal Bose - 4 years, 2 months ago

@Chew-Seong Cheong In this step ' n ( n + 1 ) = 2 m 2 n(n + 1) = 2m^2 ' why can't this be true ' n = 2 p 1 n = 2p - 1 '??

And sir was that a hit and trial ' p ( 2 p + 1 ) = m 2 p(2p + 1) = m^2 '??

Ankit Kumar Jain - 4 years, 2 months ago

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n n can be 2 p 1 2p-1 , then n + 1 = 2 p n+1=2p and it will lead to the same answer. I just preferred to deal with positive. 2 p ( 2 p + 1 ) = 2 m 2 2p(2p+1)=2m^2 dividing both sides with 2 p ( 2 p + 1 ) = m 2 \implies p(2p+1)=m^2 .

Chew-Seong Cheong - 4 years, 2 months ago

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Thanks for the explanation!

Ankit Kumar Jain - 4 years, 2 months ago

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