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Such m shall be even numbers including zero.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think I have a proof that (n,s) = (0,1) is the only integer solution to the equation. Here's what I did.... 4 ( 3 n + 1 ) 3 ≡ 0 m o d ( 4 ) ⇒ 3 4 ( 3 n + 1 ) 3 − 1 ≡ 1 m o d ( 4 ) ∴ S i s o d d Let S = 2m+1: 3 ( 2 m + 1 ) 2 + 1 = 4 ( 3 n + 1 ) 3 ⇒ 3 m 2 + 3 m + 1 = 3 m ( m + 1 ) + 1 = ( 3 n + 1 ) 3 Now m(m+1) is even as it is the product of two consecutive integers, so by parity (odd +even = odd), ( 3 n + 1 ) 3 is odd. Hence, n must be even so let n = 2 ϕ , then: 3 m 2 + 3 m + 1 = ( 6 ϕ + 1 ) 3 = 2 1 6 ϕ 3 + 1 0 8 ϕ 2 + 1 8 ϕ + 1 ⇒ m 2 + m = m ( m + 1 ) = 6 ϕ ( 1 2 ϕ 2 + 6 ϕ + 1 ) Now by using the discriminant ( b 2 − 4 a c ≥ 0 ) we see that the quadratic factor has no real roots so m = 6 ϕ a n d m + 1 = 1 2 ϕ 2 + 6 ϕ + 1 (It doesn't work the other way around as 1 2 ϕ 2 + 1 ≥ 1 ) This implies that ϕ = 0 so m = 0 or -1. This gives n= 0 and S = 1 (S = -1 is not valid as S is a natural number).
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