Let be constants (which may be complex) and be functions defined by
such that one is the inverse of the other, i.e., .
Find
There are only two ordered sets of constants possible.
Note: for to , as both are periodic. Also, to avoid issues of multivalued functions, restrict to the range to .
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g , h = i , − i or g , h = − i , i , so that i 2 + ( − i ) 2 = − 2
To prove this, H ( G ( x ) ) =
2 A r c T a n ( e − i ( 2 A r c T a n ( e i x ) − 2 π ) ) − 2 π
2 A r c T a n ( i e − i ( 2 A r c T a n ( e i x ) ) ) − 2 π
2 A r c T a n ( i e − i ( 2 ( 2 1 i L o g ( 1 + i e i x 1 − i e i x ) ) ) ) − 2 π
2 A r c T a n ( i e L o g ( 1 + i e i x 1 − i e i x ) ) − 2 π
2 A r c T a n ( i 1 + i e i x 1 − i e i x ) − 2 π
2 i A r c T a n h ( 1 + i e i x 1 − i e i x ) − 2 π
2 i A r c T a n h ( 1 + e i ( x + 2 π ) 1 − e i ( x + 2 π ) ) − 2 π
2 i A r c T a n h ( T a n h ( − 2 1 i ( x + 2 π ) ) ) − 2 π
2 i ( − 2 1 i ( x + 2 π ) ) − 2 π
x
This function (notice, no i ):
2 A r c T a n ( e x ) − 2 π
is the Gudermannian Function g d ( x ) , with the property that
g d − 1 ( i x ) = − i g d ( x )
(negative exponent -1 indicates inverse function) and connects oridinary trigonometric functions with hyperbolic trigonometric functions, as well as their inverses, such as
T a n ( g d ( x ) ) = S i n h ( x )
T a n h ( g d − 1 ( x ) ) = S i n ( x )
g d ( T a n h − 1 ( x ) ) = S i n − 1 ( x )
g d − 1 ( T a n − 1 ( x ) ) = S i n h − 1 ( x )
so that, for example, we can rearrange the second to last one to
g d ( x ) = S i n − 1 ( T a n h ( x ) ) = A r c S i n ( T a n h ( x ) )
for another definition of the Gudermannian function, one of many more possible. We can even see that
A r c S i n ( T a n h ( x ) ) = A r c T a n ( S i n h ( x ) )
and therefore
T a n ( A r c S i n ( T a n h ( x ) ) = S i n h ( x )
etc