Span and Independence

Algebra Level 4

The vector space of subtractive color mixing is created from real multiples of vectors red \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} , yellow \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} , and blue \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} with the understanding that red + yellow + blue = 0 \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} = \textbf{0} . (When mixing colors, red, yellow, and blue combine to make black.)

For instance, some elements of the vector space are 2 red + π yellow  and 3 red + 29 yellow + e 3 blue . \sqrt{2} \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \pi \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}}\ \text{ and } -3 \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + 29 \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + e^3 \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}}. However, 3 red + 2 blue and red 2 yellow are the same vector , 3 \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + 2 \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} \text{ and } \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} - 2 \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} \text{ are the same vector}, since they differ by a multiple of 0 \textbf{0} . ( ( They differ by 2 ( red + yellow + blue ) = 0 . ) 2 \cdot ({\color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}}) = \textbf{0}.})

What is true of the following sets of vectors in this vector space?

  1. { red + yellow + blue , red + 2 yellow + 4 blue } \{ \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}},\, \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + 2 \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + 4 \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} \}
  2. { red , yellow , blue } \{ \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}},\, \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}},\, \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} \}
  3. { red + yellow , yellow + blue } \{ \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}},\, \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} \}
Only 2 spans the space Only 3 is linearly independent 1 and 3 are linearly independent 1 and 3 are linearly independent; 2 spans the space

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1 solution

Henry Maltby
Jul 7, 2016

Option 1 contains red + yellow + blue = 0 \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} = \textbf{0} , so it is not linearly independent. Since there is no way to express red \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} as a multiple of the other elements, it does not span the space.

Option 2 spans the space, since the space was defined in terms of those elements. It is not linearly independent though, because the sum of its basis elements is 0 \textbf{0} .

Option 3 is linearly independent, since there are no real numbers a a and b b , aside from a = 0 a = 0 and b = 0 b = 0 , such that a ( red + yellow ) + b ( yellow + blue ) = 0 . a \cdot (\color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}}) + b \cdot (\color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}}) = \textbf{0}. Furthermore, it spans the space, since any element of the space can be written in the form x red + y yellow x \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + y \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} by subtracting the appropriate number of copies of red + yellow + blue \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}} . And any element of that form is expressible as a linear combination of red + yellow \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} + \color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} and red = 0 ( yellow + blue ) \color{#D61F06}{\text{red}} = \textbf{0} - (\color{#EC7300}{\text{yellow}} + \color{#3D99F6}{\text{blue}}) .

So option 3 is a basis and neither other option is.

How do we get the vector red+blue from the third option? I am confused..

Sanket Mhaske - 1 year, 3 months ago

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