Which of the following electronic states of hydrogen have spherically symmetric wavefunctions?
Note: none of the listed states are the ground state of hydrogen; all correspond to possible excited states .
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In order to have a spherically symmetric wavefunction, there must be no angular dependence. From the general solution to the wavefunction of the electron in the hydrogen atom , we see that the angular dependence is captured by the spherical harmonics . The only spherical harmonic with no angular dependence is the lowest harmonic Y 0 0 , which has quantum numbers ℓ = m = 0 . Since ℓ = 0 corresponds to the s orbitals, the 3s orbital is spherically symmetric.
Note that the wording in the problem is plural because for instance 2 p refers to 6 different electronic states, each with m = ± 1 or m = 0 and s = ± 1 / 2 .