Spherical Symmetry of Hydrogen Wavefunction

Which of the following electronic states of hydrogen have spherically symmetric wavefunctions?

Note: none of the listed states are the ground state of hydrogen; all correspond to possible excited states .

2p 3s 4f 3d

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1 solution

Matt DeCross
Mar 16, 2016

In order to have a spherically symmetric wavefunction, there must be no angular dependence. From the general solution to the wavefunction of the electron in the hydrogen atom , we see that the angular dependence is captured by the spherical harmonics . The only spherical harmonic with no angular dependence is the lowest harmonic Y 0 0 Y^0_0 , which has quantum numbers = m = 0 \ell = m = 0 . Since = 0 \ell = 0 corresponds to the s s orbitals, the 3s orbital is spherically symmetric.

Note that the wording in the problem is plural because for instance 2 p 2p refers to 6 different electronic states, each with m = ± 1 m = \pm 1 or m = 0 m=0 and s = ± 1 / 2 s = \pm 1/2 .

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