Square Denominators

Algebra Level 3

If 9 10 \frac{9}{10} can be represented as i = a b 1 i 2 \displaystyle\sum_{i=a}^{b}{\frac{1}{i^2}} , what is b a b-a ?

38 The fraction can not be expressed in this form 19 There are multiple answers to this question 10

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2 solutions

Otto Bretscher
Dec 25, 2018

For a = 1 a=1 the sum will be 1 \geq 1 , and for a 2 a \geq 2 the sum will be < i = 2 1 i 2 = π 2 6 1 < 0.9 <\sum_{i=2}^{\infty}\frac{1}{i^2} =\frac{\pi^2}{6}-1<0.9 . No such expression exists \boxed{\text{No such expression exists}}

Henry U
Dec 25, 2018

S = d e f i = a b 1 i 2 = i = 1 b 1 i 2 i = 1 a 1 1 i 2 = ( i = 1 b 1 i 2 ) + ( i = 1 a 1 1 i 2 ) = d e f α + β \begin{aligned} S & \stackrel{def}{=} \displaystyle \sum_{i=a}^b \frac 1{i^2} \\ & = \sum_{i=1}^b \frac 1{i^2} - \sum_{i=1}^{a-1} \frac 1{i^2} \\ & = \left( \sum_{i=1}^b \frac 1{i^2} \right) + \left( - \sum_{i=1}^{a-1} \frac 1{i^2} \right) \\ & \stackrel{def}{=} \alpha + \beta \end{aligned}

Let's look at α \alpha and β \beta individualy.

α = i = 1 b 1 i 2 < i = 1 1 i 2 = π 2 6 1.64 \begin{aligned} \alpha & = \sum_{i=1}^b \frac 1{i^2} \\ & < \sum_{i=1}^\infty \frac 1{i^2} \\ & = \frac {\pi^2}{6} \approx 1.64 \end{aligned}

To work with β \beta , let's make the assumption a 2 a \geq 2 . We will check the case a = 1 a = 1 later.

β = i = 1 a 1 1 i 2 i = 1 1 1 i 2 = 1 \begin{aligned} \beta & = - \sum_{i=1}^{a-1} \frac 1{i^2} \\ & \leq - \sum_{i=1}^1 \frac 1{i^2} \\ & = - 1 \end{aligned}

If we now combine α < π 2 6 \alpha < \frac {\pi^2}{6} with β 1 \beta \leq -1 and plug it into S = α β S = \alpha - \beta , we get

S = α + β < π 2 6 + ( 1 ) = π 2 6 1 0.64 < 9 10 \begin{aligned} S & = \alpha + \beta \\ & < \frac {\pi^2}{6} + (-1) \\ & = \frac {\pi^2}{6} - 1 \approx 0.64 < \frac 9{10} \end{aligned}

So, no matter how large b b is, for a 2 a \geq 2 , the sum will always be too small.

Now, if a = 1 a = 1

S b = d e f i = a = 1 b 1 i 2 S_b \stackrel{def}{=} \displaystyle \sum_{i=a=1}^b \frac 1{i^2}

S 1 = 1 1 2 = 1 > 9 10 S_1 = \frac 1{1^2} = 1 > \frac 9{10}

S b 2 > S 1 > 9 10 S_{b\geq2} > S_1 > \frac 9{10}

Now we have covered all cases. a a is a positive integer, so it is either 1 or greater than or equal to 2 and in both cases the choice of b b can't make the sum equal to 9 10 \frac 9{10} .

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