Lasers are the secret weapon of science - they're incredibly powerful, super versatile, and they can travel across incredible distances.
But as this simple experiment shows, for all that power, it's actually possible to 'trap' a laser beam in water.
This is due to the phenomena of:
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The answer is "Total Internal Reflection." Here's why it works:
By Snell's law, the path of a laser beam traveling through water (index n H 2 O ≈ 1 . 3 3 ), making an angle θ normal to the boundary with the air (index n air ≈ 1 . 0 0 0 3 ) will be totally reflected if sin θ ≥ n H 2 O n air ⟺ θ ≥ sin − 1 ( n H 2 O n air ) ≈ 4 9 ∘ This threshold is far enough below 9 0 ∘ to trap a laser beam inside a small stream of water so that every angle of incidence the laser makes on the edges of the stream will be above that threshold, trapping the laser beam in the water.