\star Laser Beam \star

Lasers are the secret weapon of science - they're incredibly powerful, super versatile, and they can travel across incredible distances.

But as this simple experiment shows, for all that power, it's actually possible to 'trap' a laser beam in water.

This is due to the phenomena of:

Tyndall Effect Dispersion Atmospheric refraction Total internal reflection

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1 solution

Brian Moehring
Aug 11, 2018

The answer is "Total Internal Reflection." Here's why it works:

By Snell's law, the path of a laser beam traveling through water (index n H 2 O 1.33 n_{\text{H}_2\text{O}} \approx 1.33 ), making an angle θ \theta normal to the boundary with the air (index n air 1.0003 n_{\text{air}} \approx 1.0003 ) will be totally reflected if sin θ n air n H 2 O θ sin 1 ( n air n H 2 O ) 4 9 \sin\theta \geq \frac{n_{\text{air}}}{n_{\text{H}_2\text{O}}} \iff \theta \geq \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{n_{\text{air}}}{n_{\text{H}_2\text{O}}}\right) \approx 49^\circ This threshold is far enough below 9 0 90^\circ to trap a laser beam inside a small stream of water so that every angle of incidence the laser makes on the edges of the stream will be above that threshold, trapping the laser beam in the water.

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