Stop being so mean

Algebra Level 3

There are several different ways to take an average of numbers such as the Arithmetic Mean (AM) , Geometric Mean (GM) and the Quadratic Mean (QM) .

For the averages of two distinct positive real numbers :

  1. You can form an arithmetic sequence, where the three means above are consecutive terms
  2. You can form a geometric sequence, where the three means above are consecutive terms

Which of the above statements are true?

Just statement 2 Both statements Just statement 1 Neither statement

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1 solution

Stephen Mellor
Aug 2, 2018

From the https://brilliant.org/wiki/power-mean-qagh/ , the quadratic mean is the largest, followed by the arithmetic mean, followed by the geometric mean in a possible sequence of the three means. Also let the distinct numbers be a a and b b .


Statement 1:

Assume that we can form an arithmetic sequence such that the three means are consecutive terms and k k is the difference between terms so that Quadratic Mean = k + Arithmetic Mean \text{Quadratic Mean} = k + \text{Arithmetic Mean} a 2 + b 2 2 = k + a + b 2 \sqrt{\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{2}} = k + \dfrac{a+b}{2} a 2 + b 2 2 = ( 2 k + a + b 2 ) 2 \dfrac{a^2+b^2}{2} = \left(\dfrac{2k+a+b}{2}\right)^2 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) = 4 k 2 + 4 k a + 4 k b + a 2 + b 2 + 2 a b 2(a^2 + b^2) = 4k^2 + 4ka + 4kb + a^2 + b^2 + 2ab a 2 2 a b + b 2 = 4 k a + 4 k b + 4 k 2 a^2 - 2ab + b^2 = 4ka + 4kb + 4k^2 ( a b ) 2 = 4 k ( a + b + k ) \color{#3D99F6}{(a-b)^2 = 4k(a+b+k)} Also, Arithmetic Mean = k + Geometric Mean \text{Arithmetic Mean} = k + \text{Geometric Mean} a + b 2 = k + a b \dfrac{a+b}{2} = k + \sqrt{ab} ( a + b 2 k ) 2 = 4 a b (a + b - 2k)^2 = 4ab a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 4 k a 4 k b + 4 k 2 = 4 a b a^2 + 2ab + b^2 - 4ka - 4kb + 4k^2 = 4ab a 2 2 a b + b 2 = 4 k a + 4 k b 4 k 2 a^2 - 2ab + b^2 = 4ka + 4kb - 4k^2 ( a b ) 2 = 4 k ( a + b k ) \color{#3D99F6}{(a - b)^2 = 4k(a + b - k)}

Comparing the two blue lines, we see that it only works if k = 0 k=0 . This means that a = b a = b , which can't happen as they are distinct. Therefore an arithmetic sequence cannot be formed.


Statement 2:

Assume that we can form a geometric sequence such that the three means are consecutive terms and k k is the ratio between terms so that Quadratic Mean = k × Arithmetic Mean \text{Quadratic Mean} = k \times \text{Arithmetic Mean} a 2 + b 2 2 = k ( a + b ) 2 \sqrt{\dfrac{a^2 + b^2}{2}} = \dfrac{k(a + b)}{2} 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) = k 2 ( a + b ) 2 2(a^2 + b^2) = k^2(a+b)^2 k 2 = 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( a + b ) 2 \color{#20A900}{k^2 = \dfrac{2(a^2+b^2)}{(a+b)^2}} Also, Arithmetic Mean = k × Geometric Mean \text{Arithmetic Mean} = k \times \text{Geometric Mean} a + b 2 = k a b \dfrac{a+b}{2} = k\sqrt{ab} ( a + b ) 2 = 4 k 2 a b (a+b)^2 = 4k^2ab k 2 = ( a + b ) 2 4 a b \color{#20A900}{k^2 = \dfrac{(a+b)^2}{4ab}} Equating the two green statements, and cross-multiplying we get 8 a b ( a 2 + b 2 ) = ( a + b ) 4 8ab(a^2 + b^2) = (a + b)^4 Which simplifies to ( a b ) 4 = 0 (a-b)^4 = 0 This also implies a = b a=b , meaning that a geometric sequence cannot be formed either

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