Stop going in circles

Geometry Level 5

Suppose a regular octagon is inscribed in a unit circle. If 3 3 of the vertices of this octagon are chosen uniformly at random, then the expected area of the triangle formed by these 3 3 vertices is

a ( b + c ) d \dfrac{a*(b + \sqrt{c})}{d} ,

where a , b , c , d a,b,c,d are all positive integers with a , d a,d being coprime and c c square-free.

Find a b c d a*b*c*d .

Note: a , b , c a,b,c may not necessarily be distinct.


The answer is 28.

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1 solution

There is a general formula for a regular n n -gon inscribed in a unit circle, where the expected area of a triangle so specified is

3 n cot ( π n ) 2 ( n 1 ) ( n 2 ) \dfrac{3n*\cot(\frac{\pi}{n})}{2(n - 1)(n - 2)} .

Plugging in n = 8 n = 8 yields an expected area of 2 ( 1 + 2 ) 7 \dfrac{2(1 + \sqrt{2})}{7} .

Thus a b c d = 2 1 2 7 = 28 a*b*c*d = 2*1*2*7 = \boxed{28} .

I won't prove this formula but I will provide a method later that is more laborious. For now I just wanted to get something posted in case anyone wants to make a comment or query.

EDIT: O.k., now for some details .....

Labeling the vertices clockwise as 1 1 through 8 8 , (the choice of which vertex is labeled 1 1 being arbitrary), we can form ( 8 3 ) = 56 \binom{8}{3} = 56 triangles, with a great deal of repetition in sizes. We have essentially 5 5 different triangles, similar to one triangle with vertices ( a , b , c ) (a,b,c) as follows:

(i) 8 8 triangles similar to ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) (1,2,3) , which has area 2 ( 2 2 ) 4 \frac{\sqrt{2}(2 - \sqrt{2})}{4} ;

(ii) 16 16 triangles similar to ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) (1,2,4) , which has area 1 2 \frac{1}{2} ;

(iii) 16 16 triangles similar to ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) (1,2,5) , which has area 2 2 \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} ;

(iv) 8 8 triangles similar to ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) (1,3,5) , which has area 1 1 , and

(v) 8 8 triangles similar to ( 1 , 3 , 6 ) (1,3,6) , which has area 1 + 2 2 \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2} .

We can then take the weighted average of these triangle areas to obtain the aforementioned solution.

I'll leave it as an exercise for the reader to verify the area values for triangles (i) through {v} found above, (i.e., I'm getting tired of typing. :) )

Nice problem :)

Pranshu Gaba - 6 years, 6 months ago

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Thanks, Pranshu. i found the formula after I worked out the expected value using the brute force method I've outlined above, so I was able to confirm my solution before posting the problem. Here is the paper in which I found the formula.

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 6 months ago

Same method, really nice problem- the general formula is astounding though!

Dan Ley - 4 years, 5 months ago

I think this problem also kind of comes under the probability section...I think for the fact... E ( x ) = x A ( x ) E(x) = \sum x*A(x)

Arnav Das - 4 years, 4 months ago

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