Strange Vieta's formula

Algebra Level 5

Let a , b , c , d a,b,c,d be the four roots of the equation x 4 4 x 3 16 x 2 8 x + 4 = 0 x^4-4x^3-16x^2-8x+4=0 . Find the sum of the absolute values of all possible values of a b + c d ab+cd .


The answer is 24.

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2 solutions

Make x = y + 1 x=y+1 to get a new equation with no cube term: y 4 22 y 2 48 y 23 = 0 y^4-22y^2-48y-23=0 . Then, factor it into the form ( y 2 + p y + q ) ( y 2 p y + r ) = 0 (y^2+py+q)(y^2-py+r)=0 . Expanding and comparing coefficients we get the system q + r = p 2 22 q+r=p^2-22 , q r = 48 / p q-r=48/p and q r = 23 qr=-23 . Using the identity ( q r ) 2 = ( q + r ) 2 4 q r (q-r)^2=(q+r)^2-4qr we get p 6 44 p 4 + 576 p 2 2304 = 0 p^6-44p^4+576p^2-2304=0 , which factors as ( p 2 24 ) ( p 2 12 ) ( p 2 8 ) = 0 (p^2-24)(p^2-12)(p^2-8)=0 .

Now, back to our problem we see that, by Vieta's formula, q = ( a 1 ) ( b 1 ) q=(a-1)(b-1) and r = ( c 1 ) ( d 1 ) r=(c-1)(d-1) . Adding that we get q + r = a b a b + 1 + c d c d + 1 q+r=ab-a-b+1+cd-c-d+1 or p 2 22 = a b + c d ( a + b + c + d ) + 2 p^2-22=ab+cd-(a+b+c+d)+2 or a b + c d = p 2 20 ab+cd=p^2-20 . Since we have three possible values for p 2 p^2 we also have three possible values for a b + c d ab+cd , which are 4 , 8 , 12 4,-8,-12 . Adding their absolute values we get 24 \boxed{24} .

How to get intuition about which substitution to make?

Harsh Shrivastava - 5 years, 2 months ago

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For the equation a x 4 + b x 3 + c x 2 + d x + e = 0 ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e=0 we make the substitution x = y b 4 a x=y-\frac{b}{4a} to get a new equation without y 3 y^3 term.

Alan Enrique Ontiveros Salazar - 5 years, 2 months ago

This trick is known as depressing a polynomial , another application of it is used in Cardano's method .

Pi Han Goh - 5 years, 2 months ago

is x = y + 1 x=y+1 substitution necessary?

shivam mishra - 5 years, 2 months ago

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Maybe not, I used it to make it easier to factor into two quadratic equations, but we can also use other techniques, maybe easier. Also, this is a general method to do that in any quartic equation.

Alan Enrique Ontiveros Salazar - 5 years, 2 months ago
Aakash Khandelwal
Apr 15, 2016

The above equation can be transformed into

( x 2 2 x + 2 ) 2 = 24 x 2 (x^{2} -2x+2)^{2} = 24x^{2} .

Now from here we get two quadratic equations with roots ( x , y ) , ( p , q ) (x,y), (p,q) , respectively.

x 2 2 x ( 6 + 1 ) + 2 x^{2} -2x( -\sqrt{6}+1) + 2

And

x 2 2 x ( 6 + 1 ) + 2 x^{2} -2x( \sqrt{6}+1) + 2 .

Now sum of all absolute values of a b + c d ab+cd

= 24 \boxed{24}

Can you please explain your steps with detail? How two quadratics obtained and sum of |ab+cd|? I am completely at loss! Thanks.

Niranjan Khanderia - 3 years, 4 months ago

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