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Or just note that z = − ω 2 where ω is complex cube root of unity. Since 1 1 ≡ 2 ( m o d 3 ) , we have S = ω + ω 2 = − 1 .
z = e ( 3 i π ) k = 1 ∑ 1 1 ( z k ) = z 1 + z 2 + z 3 + . . . + z 1 1 ( G P ) z 1 + z 2 + z 3 + . . . + z 1 1 = ( z − 1 z 1 2 − z ) = = ( e ( 3 i π ) − 1 e ( i 4 π ) − e ( 3 i π ) ) = e ( 3 i π ) − 1 1 − e ( 3 i π ) ) = − 1
z = e 3 i π is a 6th primitive root of the unity. I mean z 6 = 1 and z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1 = 0 ⇒ k = 1 ∑ 1 1 z k = z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5 + z 6 ( 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5 ) = = z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5 = − 1
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z = e 3 i π Let G denote the given expression. ⇒ G = k = 1 ∑ 1 1 ( z k ) = k = 1 ∑ 1 1 e 3 k i π (GP) = e 3 i π ( e 3 i π − 1 e 3 1 1 i π − 1 ) = e 3 i π − 1 e 3 1 2 i π − e 3 i π = − 1 ∴ G = -1